Study 2: Warrington and Shallice (1970) studied patient KF, who had brain damage from a motorcycle accident. His long-term memory was intact, but he had trouble with short-term memory, especially recalling verbal information when presented orally.
However, KF could remember information when shown visually, suggesting separate STM systems for verbal and visual input. Later tests showed he struggled with verbal sounds (like words) but not non-verbal ones (like animal sounds), supporting Baddeley’s Working Memory Model and showing STM is more complex than the Multi-store Model suggests.