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Transport & Defense - Coggle Diagram
Transport & Defense
The Body's Organization
All organisms have different parts to make it function!
Tissues work together to make specialized organs.
Organs specialize into organ systems!
Organ systems maintain homeostasis, or steady internal condiditons and their response to the enviroment.
Digestion & Excretion
After food enters the mouth, it breaks up due to chewing. Saliva contains enzymes, which helps enzymes break food.
All food, water, and other liquids move into a hollow tube called the esophagus.
The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach. Digestion continues once food leaves the esophagus to the stomach.
Absorption is when food moves into the small intestine and when the liver makes bile. The pancreas also makes enzymes.
Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more.
Once the colon receives digested food from the small intestine that did not absorb it absorbs water from the remaining waste product.
Some foods might travel through the whole digestive system without being digested/absorbed. For example, insoluble fiber in vegetables and grains are not digested and are exited through waste.
Nutrients are parts of food used by the body to grow and survive. Proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, and minerals are all nutrients!
A calorie is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temp of 1 kg of water by 1 degree. The body uses calories from proteins, fats, and carbs which each contain energy.
The excretory system removes solid, liquid, and gas waste materials from the body. The lungs, skin, liver, kidneys, bladder, and rectum are all part of the digestive system.
The lungs remove carbon dioxide and excess water vapor when you exhale. The skin removes water/salt when you sweat.
The liver removes waste from your blood. The lived is part of the digestive and excretory system working together to break down, absorb, and remove food.
When the liver breaks down proteins, urea forms. Urea is a toxic acid which is removed. (urine) Urine is removed from the urethra.
The liver is also the largest gland in the body, and is situated in the upper and right part of the abdominal cavity, occupying almost the whole of the right hypochondrium; which is in the upper right cavity of the abdomen.
The rectum is also part of the digestive and excretory system. The rectum stores fecal waste until it is moved out of the body.
Respiration and Circulation
The respiratory system exchanges gases between the body and environment. As air flows through the respiratory system, it passes through the nose and mouth, pharynx, bronchi, and lungs.
Oxygen enters the body when you inhale, or breathe in. CO2 leaves your body when you exhale or breathe out. When you inhale, the air passes through your nostrils and passes the pharynx. The pharynx is part of the digestive and respiratory system.
Food goes through the pharynx to the esophagus. Air travels through the pharynx to the trachea.
The trachea is also called the windpipe because it has a long, tubelike organ that connects the pharynx to the bronchi.
There are two bronchi: one which enters the left lung and one which enters the right. The bronchi divide into small tubes which are tiny groups of cells.
Those cells are called alveoli. Alveoli is surrounded by blood vessels called capillaries. O2 in the alveoli enters then and transports 02 throughout the body.
Inhaling and exhaling requires the movement of a thin muscle under the lungs called the diaphragm. As the diaphragm contracts and moves down, air enters the lungs and you inhale.
The heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the circulatory system. It transports ozygen, nutrients, gases, and waters throughout the blood in the body.
Blood vessels transport blood everywhere! Your circulatory system transports blood between the heart, lungs, and other organs thousands of times a day.
Your heart is made up of many muscle cells that constantly contract and relax. Contractions pump blood throughout the body and once they relax, the rest of the blood enters the heart.
Blood travels everywhere throughout the body in tiny tubes called vessels. There are many, MANY vessels transporting blood throughout your body!
The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry away blood from your heart. This blood contains much oxygen and nutrients except for the blood in the pulmonary arteries that contains carbon dioxide.
Arteries are very large and surrounded by muscle cells that help blood be transported throughout the body.
Veins transport blood that contains carbon dioxide back to your heart, except for the blood in the pulmonary veins, which is oxygen-rich.
Capillaries are very small vessels that enable oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to move throughout your body. They also surround the small intestine. where they absorb nutrients throughout the body.
The blood that circulates through blood vessels has several parts. The liquid part of blood is called plasma and contains nutrients, water, and carbon dioxide. Blood also had red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Red blood cells carry O2.
White blood cells help the body defend itself from toxins and invaders and works in the immune system. People with certain proteins on their red blood cells have either A or B blood. Someone who has type O blood does not carry the A or B protein in the red blood cells.
Blood types are crucial when donating blood. If you have an AB blood type for example, you can only donate to people with AB blood.
Your lymphatic system contains the spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. The spleen stores blood for use in an emergency. These organs all work together to make white blood cells.
Your lymphatic system has three main functions: removing excess gluid around organs, producing white blood cells, and absorbing and transporting fats. About 65 percent of the human body consists of water.
Most of this water is inside cells, and sometimes when these liquids and nutrients move throughout the body, swelling can occur. To prevent swells, the lymphatic system removes the fluid around the organs.
Lymph vessels are all over your body, working together to make white blood cells. A lymphocyte is a white blood cell in the thymus, the spleen, or the bone marrow. These cells protect the body from harmful invaders, defending against infection.
The lymphatic system also protects your body from harmful substances and infection. The resistance to specific pathogens is called immunity!
Cells in the skeletal system work together to produce immune cells, and the circulatory system transports them throughout the body!
Immune cells include lymphocytes and other white blood cells! These cells detect bacteria, viruses, and other substances that are foreign to the human body!
The immune cells attack and destroy these substances, to protect the body from invaders.
If the body is exposed to the same bacteria, virus, or similar substance, the body already remembers how to fight it and make proteins called antibodies.
Because there are so many different types of infections, the body contains millions of antibodies.
There are 2 main groups of infectious and non infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. They are usually contagious!
The flu is an example of an infectious disease. Viruses that invade organ systems of the body, such as the respiratory system, cause infectious diseases.
A noninfectious disease is caused by the environment or a genetic disorder, but not a pathogen. Skin cancer, diabetes, and allergies are examples of that.
Noninfectious diseases are also not contagious and cannot be spread from one person to another person!
The human body has many ways to protect itself using lines of defense. Skin and mucus fall under the first line of defense. They prevent toxins and other substance from entering the body.
Mucus is a thick, gel-like substance in the nostrils, trachea, and lungs. Mucus traps harmful substances and prevents them from entering your body.
The second line of defense is the immune response. In the immune response, white blood cells attack and destroy harmful substances.
The third line of defense protects your body against substances that have infected the body before. Immune cells make antibodies that destroy the harmful substances.
Vaccines are used to help the body develop antibodies against infectious diseases. For example, many people get an influenza vaccine annually to protect them from the flu!