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education, Women, Housing, Family, L: War communism meant work was…
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Women
BREZHNEV/ANDROPOV
By 1970 72% of the lowest paid Soviet farmers were women. By 1980, 80% of the teachers in rural schools were women whereas only 2% of farm managers were women.
During 1960s: 45% of industrial jobs went to women however they were restrited to work in the light industry, heavy manual labour which were both low skilled
During 1960s - administrative and clerical work , mid 1960s 74% of people employed in clerical positiions in healtah and education were women
By the 1985 women made up 70% of doctors, 75% of employees in unis and 65% of people in art and culture
STALIN
5yp: over 10 million women joined the labour force by 1940 increasing the female labour force by more than 300%
WW2: women made up 75% of the labour force, however only paid 60-65% of men's wages, subjected to verbal and physical abuse and tended to not get promotions
Triple shift: agricultural labour, household chores and handicrafts to supplement the family income.
LENIN
Civil war : after the revolution Lenin set up the Zhenotel ( womens department of the Communist party) with Alexandra Kollontai as the head. She believed that there were innate diff between sexes and therefore they recruited women to work in creches and orphanages where they could fulfill their natural role . Labour shortages only some women worked in factories
NEP: creches were closed and women who had worked in industry were sacked to make jobs for men. Widespread unemployment in the early 1920s meant that many women were forced into prostitution. 39% men used prostitutes in the 1920s.
KHRUSCHEV
VLS: campaign focused on their different roles, required to act as milkmaids, gardeners + family starters. Not recruited to drive tractors/ machinery. Lowest paid + most demanding jobs- 6400 women recruited in August 1958 fewer than 450 found work in well paid jobs
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Housing
STALIN
KOMMUNALKA: communal apartments, families would live in a room 4-5.5 square metres sometimes in stair cupboards or corridors
Barrack style dormitories to house factory workers in new towns such as Magnitgorsk . Moscow Coal Fields dorms contained only 15,000 beds for the 26,000 workers.
KHRUSCHEV
invested in the development of new building methods= K-7 housing block 'Khrushchyovka' which could be constructed quickly and easily from large prefabricated concrete panels. New blocks allowed families to have entire apartments.
running water, central heating. Became the standard model for all new homes.
LENIN
1920s= soviet redistributed housing taking it away from rich property owners + giving it to peasants. Architecture experiments - Narkomfin Apartment House in Moscow provided excellent housing (rare due to expense)
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Family
LENIN
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Lenin critical of free love but supported Zhenotdel reforms including abortion on demand, contraception, easily accessible divorce, legalisation of prostitution + male homosexuality. Rising divorce rates especially when women became pregnant
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L: War communism meant work was compulsory, in return they received a work card which entitled them to various social benefits. Food + fuel was rationed by PRODRASPRED. Housing + transport free 4 urban workers, laundries and creches provided in cities.
LENIN
Social benefits
STALIN
Compulsory work reintroduced. 5yp led to full employment for the male urban workers. Labour discipline was harsh and conditions often dirty and dangerous. Social benefits ( transport (30,000km railway), vaccines, food rations available from 1947. Factory canteens provided meals
Welfare problems: peasants benefitted much less than workers e.g no rations. Work canteens used rotten food, animal feed which led to illness. Sanitation inadequate= lice infestations, dysentery outbreaks + vomiting
KHRUSCHEV
X2 spending healthcare 1950-9.
X4 pensions budget from 1950-65
1961= free school lunch, public transport, pensions/healthcare for farmers
Life expectancy shot up from 9.7 deaths in 1950 to 7.3 thousand in 1965, infant mortality decreased
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NEP: urban workers were entitled to social insurance= paid disability, maternity unemployment and medical benefits.
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WC failed as rations were insufficient, urban population fell by 25% during CW due to urban to rural migration
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L: NEP= unemployment returned as soldiers were demobilised, workers were sacked for efficiency, creches were also abolished putting women out of work. By 1924 18% of the urban workforce was unemployed.
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Viewed welfare as being part of a social contract, citizens guaranteed: job security through guaranteed full employment, low prices for essential goods, thriving second economy free of gov interference, social benefits such as free healthcare + some social mobility
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Extended welfare provision so that it included subsidised rent, holidays, electricity, water
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Promoted social stability particularly in the cities. COmbination of government benefits + tradin gon the black market most citizens were guaranteed a secure life, organised opposition was rare.
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Brezhnev's policies were based on traditional ideas of women- often refused jobs in industry, some areas female unemployment was as high as 10%
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Life expectancy declined from 68-64 years for men during the 1970s, alcoholism main cause
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