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Sports Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Sports Psychology
Attribution
- wiener identified four main attributions that people use
Ability - comes from the performer, is unchanging for the outcome of the performance. (internal/stable)
Task difficulty - comes from the environment, is unchanging and can be controllable or uncontrollable depending on the opposition. (external/stable)
Effort - comes from the performer, is changeable + controllable for the outcome of the performance (internal/unstable)
Luck - comes from the environment, is changeable + uncontrollable for the outcome of the pereormcane (external/unstable)
locus of causality refers to where the attributions have come from: the performer (internal) or the environment (external). this locus affects a performer's motivation and sense of pride
The dimension of stability - refers to whether the attribution can be changed (unstable) or not (stable) and affects a performer's expectations + beliefs for future performances
Self serving bias - a mind set where a performer will attribute all successful performances to internal attributions e.g. ability, and unsuccessful performances to external attributions e.g. luck, protects self esteem
learned helplessness
- belief that failure is inevitable
- mind set that gives performer a feeling of hopelessness + a belief that they will never succeed
- performers with mindset often show avoidance
- can develop if performers attribute failure to internal, stable, uncontrollable reasons e.g. ability
- can lead to a performer to give up as they believe that they can't change anything/ don't have any control over outcome
- can be prevented if performers attribute failure to external, unstable + controllable reasons e.g. effort
Maestry orientation
- describes a performer who is motivated to become an expert - believe that failure is a learning experience + with persistence are motivated to be the best they can be
- means they feel in control of their performance outcomes + show approach rather than avoidance
- those with mindset will attribute performance to internal, unstable + controllable factors meaning they are more in control of their outcomes + more motivated to improve
Confidence
sport confidence
- the belief individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport
impact on performance
high confidence: - more likely to achieve positive outcomes in sport
- will be more skillful, successful, competitive + more likely to take risks
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Impact on participation
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low - less likely to participate or compete in sport - not likely to try hard or attempt sports activities - unlikely to volunteer for roles + might never realise your talent in sport
Self esteem
- High - more likely to have a higher self-esteem
- Low - more likely to have a lower self-esteem
Self-efficacy
- the self confidence we have in specific situation. some of us are more confident than other in situations such as standing up and speaking in front of others trying a new sport for example
Self-esteem
- is the feeling of self worth that determines how valuable and competent we feel
Vealy's model
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competitive oritnaion - performer's competitiveness or willingness to take on the goals of the performance
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SC - State - the self belief in a specific sporting situation and is influenced by SC-trait + competitive orientation
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Subjective outcome - after performance individual either feel satisfaction or disappointment, which will either feel satisfaction or disappointment, either increase or decrease trait confidence + competitive orientation
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Goal setting
importance of:
- helps to focus attention on the task
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- provides an incentive/increases motivation
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- can increase confidence + self efficacy
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- improve performance to peak at a certain time
- monitor + measure progress
- encourages new strategies or tactics
Types:
- Outcome/ competition (performance):
- focus on end of a competitive situation
- e.g. we will win this football match by two goals
- Process goals:
- challenge a performer to master a technique by a certain date/event
- Short-term goals: - set between a day + month - target that should be achieved after the next training session or competition
- Long-term goals:
- month + (end of season)
- help performer/team determine where they want to go + what they want to achieve - and best way of getting there
- these goals shape coaching sessions
Effectiveness:
- C- confidence - helps raise sport confidence + self-confidence levels
- A/A - Anxiety/Arosual - controlled using short-term/process + performance goals
- A - Attentional - only focus on parts of performance that are relevant to your goals
- M - Monitor performance - helps performer focus
- P - persistence - if achieved, very effective
SMART - principle:
- needs to be specific to the individual
- need to be measurable so can be assessed + progress can be monitored
- neet to be achievable - must be set within reach of performer
- should be recorded so progress monitored
- should be time phased so enough time is given to achieve the goal + longer goals are split into short term goals which progress
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