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Feminism, Gender and Masculinities - Coggle Diagram
Feminism, Gender and Masculinities
Statistics and Patterns
2010 ONS statistics found that men make up 82% of offences in England and Wales, ie. more than 4 to 1 in a ratio to females.
Smart (1979) argued female criminality was comparatively neglected, partly because women tend to commit fewer crime and so are seen as less as a problem for society. Most crimes committed by women seem to be of a trivial nature and therefore is considered unworthy of research.
In 2010, women made up 21% of those convicted of theft,15% of motoring offences, 12% of violence against a person, 4% of burglars and 1.2% of sexual offenders.
Women are also much less likely than men to be given the most severe sentences. Of 384 sentenced to life imprisonment in 2010 in England and Wales, only 20 were women.
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Double Deviance
Blackstone (2003) suggests that even in modern society we have traditional gender roles forced on women to be 'prim and proper'. Women who break the law and this gender norm can be seen as 'double deviants'.
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Carlen (1993) suggests that women who display violence can face more harsh punishments or be taken more seriously.
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Masculinity
Messerschmidt (1993) argues there is a 'normative masculinity' highly valued by most men and that it's something men constantly work at. A businessman can achieve masculinity through exercise of power over women in the workplace, and a man with no power may do so through DV- find any means.
Middle class boys achieve educational success but at the expense of emasculation. In school they develop an 'accommodating masculinity' but compensate for this out of school by adopting 'oppositional masculinity' (drinking, pranks etc). Among the working class males, oppositional masculinity occurs both inside and outside school and is more aggressive in nature.
Campbell (1993) argues young men seek compensation for the lack of breadwinner status. The forms of masculinity adopted involve control over technology (stolen cars), over public space (streets), violence against the 'other' (Asian shopkeepers and women).