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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Increase in diffusing capacity of the lungs, capillary bed increases.
      - Increase in number of RBC
      - Increase in ventilation
    - - An increase in CO2 concentration decreases pH and vice versa.
        The balance between CO2 formation and expiration of CO2 is kept.
        Regulation is accomplished by changes in ventilation patterns.
    - - The control center in the medulla sets the basic rhythm, and a control center in the pons moderates it, smoothing out the transitions between inhalations and exhalations
    - - When active: respiratory rate goes up
        When less active: rate goes down
  - - - As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
      - Bound to Hb
      - Dissolved in plasma
    - - Dissolved in plasma
      - Bound to Hb
        
        When pressure of O2 is low (eg tissues), oxygen is released from Hb
        
        When pressure of O2 is high (eg lungs), oxygen binds with Hb
  - - - Concentration of O2 (or pressure) in the alveoli must be higher than in the blood
        Concentration of CO2 (or pressure) in the alveoli must be lower
        than in the blood
  - - - Total Lung Capacity = Vital Capacity + Residual Volume
      - Vital Capacity = Inspiratory reserve + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve
      - Functional residual capacity = Expiratory reserve + Residual Volume
      - Inspiration capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve
    - - Residual volume: volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration
      - Expiratory reserve volume: volume of air that can be expired by forced expiration after normal tidal expiration
      - Inspiratory reserve volume: volume of air that can be inspired above the normal tidal volume
      - Tidal volume: volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
  - - - High amount of 2,3-BPG: increases O2 unloading
        (e.g anemia or at high altitude)
    - - Higher temperature: affinity of Hb to O2 decreases, O2 unloaded
        Lower temperature: affinity of Hb to O2 increases
    - - Lower pH: affinity of Hb to O2 decreases, O2 unloaded
        Higher pH: affinity of Hb to O2 increases
  - - - air moves into lungs
      - lowers air pressure in lungs
      - increases vertical
        dimension of thoracic cavity
      - diaphragm moves downward
    - - air moves into lungs
      - lowers air pressure in lungs
      - increased front- to-back dimension of thoracic cavity
      - elevation of ribs & sternum
- - - - Gills
    - - Skin
      - Internal part of mouth
      - Skin
    - - Have air sacs
    - - Traachea