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Loftus and Palmer - Coggle Diagram
Loftus and Palmer
Key terms
Schema theory- the ability to retain information and to demonstrate this relation of information through behaviour
Reconstructive memory- the way in which our biases and prejudices can unconsciously lead us to have memories of events that are distortions of what actually happened
Leading questions- a question which, by its form or context, suggests what answer is desired
Experiment 1
Sample
Location- Washington, USA
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Evaluation (Ethics)
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Protection from harm
Participants may have been upset watching car accidents (although this was limited by having staged crashes)
Validity
Internal (construct)
Very controlled so unlikely to have extraneous variables
Perhaps people said they saw broken glass as demand characteristics
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Background
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She was also heavily interested in the validity of eyewitness testimony. She believed stress could influence the memory of the event they had witnessed as well as the way the interview was carried out
Procedure (Experiment 1)
Students were shown 7 clips from Evergreen Safety Council of the Seattle Police Department.
The staged clips lasted between 5 and 30 seconds.
4/7 clips contained staged crashes of which the speed when they crashed was known.
The clips were shown in a different order for each participant.
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Results (Experiment 1)
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Explanation of results
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The word in the critical question changed the memory the participant had about how fast the car was going
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Procedure (Experiment 2)
Participants watched a clip lasting 1 min of a multiple car crash (the crash lasted 4 seconds of the clip). They then answered the first questionnaire which included the critical question which was changed for each group
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A week later participants returned to answer ten more questions including the critical “did you see any broken glass?”
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Ethnocentrism
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However, it could be argued that it doesn’t matter where the research was carried out as memory is universal.
Reliability
Internal
The procedure was standardised as all participants watched the same staged car accidents, had the same questions (minus the critical question) and had the same amount of time in between testing in experiment 2.
External
45 and 150 participants seems like a large enough sample to establish a consistent effect BUT 9 per condition in experiment 1 may not be enough
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Research method
The research method was a lab experiment as the IV (verb used in the critical question) was manipulated by the researcher and the study took place in a controlled setting.
Data collection
Self-report
Participants were asked questions following watching the staged car crash(es) in each experiment.
In experiment 1 they were asked about speed estimates and in experiment 2 they were asked about seeing broken glass.
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