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medicine through time(1700-1900: Industrial/Enlightenment), by ARANDEEEP…
medicine through time(1700-1900:
Industrial/Enlightenment)
factors
attitudes
the enlightenment -science and rationality
laissez faire - weakened mid C19
government
promoted vaccination
1875 public health act
funded research
individuals
treatment- Nightingale, Simpson, Lister
prevention- Pasteur, Koch
technology
industrialisation
microscopes
laboratory equipment
ideas of the cause of disease
miasma
was based on reason and observation
filthy conditions in towns- great stunk 1858
Chadwick's health act was limited till 1875
florence nightingale influenced hospitals to reform
reasoning of weakening - john snow 1854 (finding ignored at first and also the germ theory 1861 (proved importance of germs)
germ theory
disease caused by microbes
it was based on louis Pasteur's experiments
disproved spontaneous generation
public health measures improved as more people focused on sanitation
led to effective prevention as Pasteur managed to explain vaccinations
that led to further development of effective treatment such as listers - carbolic acid
importance of Pasteur - proved germ theory, and explained vaccinations( chicken cholera), and created vaccine for rabies
importance of Kock- he identified tuberculosis and used many laboratory techniques like stains, dyes and agar jelly
approaches to treatment
hospitals- Florence nightingale
before- hospitals were increasing in number but were still unsanitary and also the nurses who worked there were voluntary also nursing had poor reputation
development- government funding increased and also the nurses were more trained
impact- status of nursing rose and also the hospital sanitation improved
anaesthetics- James Simpson
before- surgery was quick and brutal and patients died of shock also there were some anaesthetics such as laughing gas which had major side effects
development- it was discovered use of chloroform in 1847 and also it was an effective general anaesthetic also it was used by Queen Victoria in 1853 (gained popularity quickly)
impact- there was some opposition by the church and some surgeons and chloroform led to surgeons being able to preform complex and slower surgeries and this led to death rate increase as surgeons tried to do more risky surgeries
antiseptics - joseph lister
before- high rates of mortality in operations and there was lots of infection due to the operations
development- he was influenced by sewage plants and the germ theory and he applied the carbolic acid spray in 1865
impact- death rates of amputations fell drastically (went from around over a half to only 1/8) and also there was some opposition by some surgeons as they didn't believe his work could actually work and also led to aseptic surgeries being possible
approaches to prevention
public health act - in 1848 it was voluntary and so ineffective but in 1875 it was compulsory
attitudes before 1875 was that the idea of laissez -faire and this falls in line with the taxpayers, businessmen and government not wanting to spend money to clean the place up and also the idea of miasma was ingnored
1875 act- forced towns to act by improving water supplies and improved drainage and introduced medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors
further change- led to future acts to be used such as river pollution act
case study- Edward Jenner and vaccinations
before- there wasn't an effective was of preventing and inoculation (were small amount of small pox matter be used in cuts or sniffed up to try make the person immune) was widely used and also there was a small pox epidemics
development- he used his knowledge that milk ladies would not get chicken pox and so he realised cow pow matter made them immune so he made #a working vaccine and tried it over 20 times and even once on a small boy (James Phipps) and he published his findings
impact- vaccination clinics were set up by government and this led to eradication of small pox however did have some opposition by the people due to the laissez faire and his work was rejected by royal society as they didn't believe in a countryside doctor
case study- John snow and cholera
before- there were lots of cholera epidemics since 1830s and miasma was blamed for the source of cholera and water supplies were dirty and unclean
development- in 1850s he did research in soho and interviewed residents and made an infection map and realised it was centred around the water pump
impact- proved cholera was from water not miasma and the cholera epidemic soon ended and there was some opposition and water supplies were slow to improve and also took people a while to accept his ideas
by ARANDEEEP TUTT 11L