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Climatic and Geomorphic Processes - Coggle Diagram
Climatic and Geomorphic Processes
Wave Processes
Erosion
Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic action
Pounding
Solution
Transportation
Solution
Suspension
Saltation
Suspension
Deposition
Happens when:
Where the rate of sediment accumulation exceeds the rate of removal
When waves slow down immediately after breaking
At the top of the swash, where for a brief moment the water is no longer moving
During the backwash, when water percolates into the beach material
In low-energy environments, such as those sheltered from winds and waves e.g. estuaries
Weathering
The attack of rocks in situ.
Agents of erosion are
not
involved.
Uses energy to produce physically or chemically altered materials from surface or near surface rock.
Can be significant and influence coastal landforms.
Types of weathering
Physical/mechanical
The breakdown of rock into smaller fragments by the exertion of a physical force without chemical alteration.
Freeze-thaw, pressure release, thermal expansion, salt crystallisation
Chemical
Where chemical reactions attack individual minerals in the rock, breaking bonds and producing new chemical compounds.
Oxidation, carbonation, hydrolysis, hydration, solution
Biological
Biological weathering is the break down of rock in situ by living or once-living organisms. It often speeds up mechanical or chemical weathering through the actions of plants, bacteria or animals.
Tree roots, organic acids
Mass Movement
Occurs when forces acting on a slope material, mainly the resultant force of gravity, exceed the forces trying to keep the material on the slop, predominantly friction.
Rock fall - rocks may become detached from the slope and fall to the foot of the cliff under gravity.
Slides - these may be linear with movement along a straight line slip plane, such as a fault or a bedding plane between layers of rocks, or rotational also known as slumps with movement taking place along a carved slip plane.
Fluvial Processes
Processes that relate to rivers and streams
Erosion
in the upper catchment is the main source of a river's sediment load.
Transportation
by traction, suspension, saltation and solution
Deposition
drops the largest particles first, then the finest being carried further to sea. The meeting of fresh water and salt water causes
flocculation
of clay particles. These fine, light materials clump together due to electrical charges between them in saline conditions and they then become heavier and sink to the sea bed.
Aeolian Processes
Aeolian processes involve erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment by the wind. These processes occur in a variety of environments, including the coastal zone, cold and hot deserts, and agricultural fields.
Erosion
- Wind is able to pick up sand particles and move them by deflation.
Transportation
- moving air is able to transport material using the same mechanisms as water moving in rivers and waves.
Deposition
- material carried by wind will be deposited when the wind speed falls, usually as a result of surface friction. In coastal areas this occurs inland, where friction from vegetation and surface irregularities is much greater than open sea.
