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Diseases of Nervous and Sensory System, Prevalence, Pathologic Changes in…
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Prevalence
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- 1 in 10 (10%) aged 60 years and above has dementia
- Higher than countries like China and India with a prevalence rate of 8%
- Age, stroke, education and employment were key associated factors
- Caregivers of those with dementia report higher levels of stress and psychological problems than other caregivers
Stages of Dementia
Early: Mild
- hippocampus is one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease
- learning and memory begin to decline and the ability to carry out activities of daily living (e.g., dressing, feeding) also declines
SIGNS: forgetful or occasionally repeats himself, behave oddly and become withdrawn, lethargic or agitated & Planning of day-to-day activities becomes difficult
Middle: Moderate
- disease spread through the cerebral cortex, judgment declines, emotional outbursts may occur, and language is impaired
Behaviour: Wandering and getting lost, Repeating words, Neglecting personal hygiene, Losing track of time and events, Forgetting the names of common objects and familiar people & Irritability and agitation
Last: Severe
- lose the ability to recognize faces (or family members) and communicate. They normally cannot control bodily functions and require constant care (such as bathing, going to the bathroom, dressing and eating). Their speech may be difficult to understand and they may not comprehend what is being said to them
Pathologic Changes in the brain
- nerve cell loss
- Accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques
- Neurofibrillary changes
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Neurofibrillary changes
- Amyloid is a general term for protein fragments that the body produces normally
- fragments accumulate to form hard, insoluble plaques
- Neurofibrillary tangles are fibers found inside the brain's cells, consisting mainly of tau
- AD => abnormal protein
Overall shrinkage
- brain tissue: the shrinkage of the gyri (plural of gyrus) which are the folds of the cerebral cortex
- The grooves or furrows in the brain, called “sulci” (plural of sulcus) are also widened
- The ventricles, or chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, are also enlarged
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Sundown Syndrome
- ommon clinical phenomenon manifested by the emergence or increment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the late afternoon, evening or at night that generally affects people with dementia and cognitive impairment
- Sadness, agitation, fear, as well as other mood and behavior changes
- Unclear causes
Parkinson's Disease vs Parkinsonism
- Parkinsonism alternatively known as "atypical Parkinson's," "secondary Parkinson's," or "Parkinson's syndrome," is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of certain symptoms commonly associated with Parkinson's disease, including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability
- Patients with Parkinsonism do NOT respond well to traditional pharmaceutical treatments
- It has has an identifiable underlying cause, such as exposure to toxins, methamphetamine use, trauma, multiple strokes, other disorders of the nervous system, or various illnesses