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Diseases, second common type of dementia; vascular dementia, delirium- a…

- - - - risk factors: high blood pressure, diabetes, sunlight exposure, alcohol consumption
      - early symptoms: myopia, sensitivity to glare
        
        progressive symptoms: blurred vision, decreased colour and light perception
      - treatments; surgery, lens replacement options; eyeglasses, contact lenses etc.
      - causes: metabolic changes in lens proteins
    - - glaucoma; high fluid pressure within the eye- damages optic nerve, causing the narrowing of vision. fluid cannot be drained.
      - risk factors: age (older women), family history, medications, diabetes, hypertension and migraines.
      - treatments (secondary glaucoma); focus on removing or controlling factors hindering aqueous humour outflow. difficult for treatment- needs tailored approach
        
        treatments (primary glaucoma); regular eye checkups for early detection; symptoms are absent. medications; beta-blockers
      - diagnosis; optic disc examination
- - - - dementia: gradual onset of symptoms that primarily affect memory, cognition, social interactions, and the ability to perform daily tasks. These symptoms usually develop slowly, without a clear starting point, and are often permanent.
      - can affect various aspects of daily functioning, including speaking, writing, understanding, recognizing surroundings, and performing tasks.
      - common type of dementia: alzheimers'- neurodegenerative disease; a decline in nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. Alzheimer's primarily targets and affects neurons, leading to the deterioration of brain tissue
      - pathological changes; nerve cell loss, accumulation of extracellular amyloid (protein fragments body produces) plaques, neurofibrillary changes
      - has mild, moderate, severe stages of dementia
        
        risk factor; age, family history, genetic factors and lifestyle choices
    - - Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, with postural instability appearing in some patients as the disease progresses. e.g. stooped posture, trembling of extremities
      - development; 1. progressive loss of dopamine (conveys chemical signals from one nerve call to another through synapses) 2. Lewy body pathology ( presence of abnormal aggregates a protein in the brain)
      - diagnosis: presence of 2 of 3 primary symptoms, absence of other neurological signs, no history of other possible causes of parkinsonism (head traume/stroke), responsiveness to parkinson's medication
      - treatment; medications to alleviate motor and non motor symptoms, delay progression of disease and manage side effects of treatments e.g. levodopa