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Research methods:, Scientific processes: - Coggle Diagram
Research methods:
Experimental types;
Laboratory experiment;
- High control.
- Participants assigned to groups.
- Independent variable is controlled.
Overview - aims to gather empirical evidence and explore cause and effect relationships between variables.
Field experiment;
- Low level of control.
- Independent variable is controlled.
Natural experiment;
- Low level of control.
- Independent is not controlled.
Quasi experiment;
- Participants aren't randomly assigned to groups.
Correlations;
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Positive correlation = When one variable increases the other increases/when one variable decreases the other decreases.
- The variables move in the same direction.
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Correlation vs experiment;
- In a correlational study the researcher does not control the variables, instead they investigate the relationship between variables.
- In an experiment the researcher changes one variable while keeping the others constant to find out how the change impacts the other variables.
Self-report methods;
Questionnaires; a set of written questions on a topic on which opinions are sought. These are frequently used in survey research in which information is gathered regarding people's attitudes and beliefs.
Open questions - Allow people to express what they think in their own words. Open-ended questions enable the respondent to answer in as much detail as they like in their own words.
Closed questions - Structure the answer by only allowing responses which fit into pre-decided categories.
Quantitative data - Numerical data, eg; weight in kg, reaction times etc.
Qualitative data - Descriptive data and regards phenomenon which can be observed but not measured, such as language.
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Scientific processes:
Aims;
Research aims - A general statement about what the researcher intends to investigate, the purpose of the study.
Independent variable (IV);
- An aspect of the research situation that is manipulated by the researcher, or that changes naturally.
Dependent variable (DV);
- The variable in the experimental situation that is measured by the researcher, and should be caused by the IV.
Operationalise;
- To be precise and clear about what is being manipulated or measured. Make it testable and repeatable.
Sampling;
Population - Whole group of people eg; every person over 40, every person from spain.
Sample - Is a proportionately representative amount of people from the target population, eg; 240 people over 40, 500 people from Spain.
Random sampling - Every participant has an equal likelihood of being chosen to be apart of the sample.
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Hypotheses;
Hypothesis - Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, should be able to be tested.
Null hypothesis;
- What we assume is true during the study. Very often this predicts that there will be no relationship between the IV and DV. If data does not support your null hypothesis you can reject it and go with your alternative hypothesis.
Eg; There will be no difference between the verbs used in the questions for participants and the participants perception of speed.
Alternative hypothesis;
- If we can reject the null hypothesis we can accept the alternative hypothesis. This states that the IV and DV are linked.
Directional hypothesis (One-tailed);
- If a hypothesis states a clear direction for the outcome of the experiment then it would be a directional hypothesis.
Eg; Participants will predict a higher speed for the car when they are asked if it smashed into another vehicle.
Non-Directional hypothesis (Two-tailed);
- Would predict a difference but would not say the direction of the outcome.
Eg; There will be a difference between the speed the participants give and the verb that was used in the policeman's questions.
