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Science and Society, Inductivism, Deduction, 2 kinds, Falsification, image…

- - - - other culture's sciences can help us gain a better understanding
  - - - protection of their form of knowledge
  - - - land, labour, and knowledge
        
        they are not for sale
      - "you don't just take from the land but you give back"
  - - - technological development and post-colonial context
      - going beyond and proving frameworks for a more socially just approach for knowledge production
        
        key features
        
        critique of colonial science and technology
        
        critiques the historical role of science and tech
        
        decolonizing knowledge production
        
        seeks to challenge Ethnocentric perspectives
        
        power dynamics and marginalization
        
        how groups are excluded due to race, gender, class, ethnicity, or geography
        
        hybridity and heterogenity
        
        acknowledges the coexistence of multiple ways of knowing dynamic interactions between knowledge traditions
        
        agency and resistance
        
        negotiating, resisting, or appropriating sci and tech interventions
        
        environmental justice and sustainability
        
        how colonial legacies contribute to environmental degradation; inequitable distribution of resources
        
        intersectionality
        
        systems of oppression and privilege intersect and compound each other
        
        globalization and knowledge flows
        
        global circulation of knowledge and tech
        
        activism and advocacy
        
        engaging with practitioners, policymakers, and communities; promote transformative change
        
        ethnical considerations
        
        legacies of colonialism and promoting social justice, equity, and inclusivity
- - - - how do we know who is correct?
      - what are the social processes through which scientific facts get constructed?
  - - - by finding out what's true
      - what is sustainable which is important in terms of our society
  - - - proved Earth was not the center of the galaxy
    - - theory of evolution
        
        adaptation of the environment
    - - spoke of climate change, solidifying the facts behind it
    - - first woman to win Nobel prize
        
        fundamental research around radiation
    - - forwards his own atheist views and criticizes religion
  - - - how do we know who and what to believe?
    - - how humans and man emerged as the master of nature
        
        the grow impact where you can see the most impact of humans on physical objects
- - - - opposition to a claim could be lack of understanding
        
        for better communication
        
        building a relationship is the best way for claims to be believable
      - need more scientific literacy
  - - - claims are not just claims
        
        there needs to be creditability.
        there need to be a basis on which one believes you
        
        scientific claims
        
        1; does this work?
        
        2; do scientific claims pay attention to other available knowledge?
        
        3; does it compute to the local community?
        
        4; does scientific practice pay attention to other available knowledge?
        
        5; is the form of knowledge as well as the context recognizable?
        
        6; are scientists open to criticism?
        
        7; what are the social/institutional affiliations of experts?
        
        8; what issues of 'overspill' exists in law experience?
  - - - trust in creditability are major factors in relationships of all kinds
        
        science is never communicated in a vacuum
- - - - "our minds can only see and think within one framework at a time"
      - Incommensurable
        
        according to Khun, paradigms provide an entire conceptual structure by which to examine and interpret the world
        
        What is true in the old way cannot be true in the new way
- - - - "what is the nature of that scientific method that helps me get to the truth, and separate people who are doing it incorrectly?"
        
        group dynamic understanding
        
        people who are not focusing on the right things and keep themselves from the right truth
  - - - Thylakoid membrane
        
        controversy between 2 possibilities on how the membrane moved around
      - Parapsychology
        
        STS scholars feel this controversy is outside of normal science
        
        experiences that many people claim to have had (extra-sensory perception)
    - - what is truthful about the natural world, science tells you you're overthinking
- - - - the role of science is to trace the impact of humans on our environment
        
        to understand the interconnections of these various natural systems
    - - the idea that we have control is false
  - - - a golden spike
        
        proves that we have changes the Earth in an unalterable way since the last era
        
        climate change is the symptom
        
        a way to evade knowledge and responsibility
        
        we are the primary impactors of the environment
        
        our system has negative consequences on other ecosystems
  - - - we can master and process nature
        
        "develop the idea that man can control nature"
    - - used to assist man to take control over nature
    - - first approach to environmentalism
- - - - maintains a large website looking at the options to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere
        
        reducing food waste can take out gigatons of carbon dioxide
    - - a way for people to get involved in what they believe to be politics, instead failing to do anything and making them angry
    - - Carbon Capture and Storage
        
        taking out greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
        
        includes methane and fluorocarbons
      - Solar Radiation Management
        
        effectively putting up a shield to keep out the harmful radiation of the sun
        
        controvertial
  - - - performative behaviour of language doesn't achieve anything
        
        people believe they are doing politics when they are consuming news
      - a form of entertainment, treating politics as sports and celebrity gossip
    - - notices people mistaking mobilizing for organizing
        
        organizing
        
        brings people together in an order to change things
        
        face-to-face
        
        demonstrates mass building and movements
        
        mobilizing
        
        organized by a small group of people
        
        emails from people asking for money
        
        petition for the Green Party of Ontario
        
        advocacy
        
        only you doing the stuff
  - - - getting arrested at a blockade
        
        can be a useful tool
        
        civil action, public engagement, social media, discussions
        
        gains media attention
    - - communities; 'multiplication not addition'
      - can gain power
      - get groups of people to find pressure points at which things can actually change
        
        Margaret Mead; "never doubt that small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world"
    - - the 3 stories
        
        story of self
        
        leadership
        
        why do you do it and not someone else?
        
        why bother doing it at all?
        
        story of now
        
        why do it now and not in a couple of years?
        
        when are the real effects going to start coming in?
        
        why should you be doing something about it now? the urgency of the situation
        
        story of us
        
        shared values and experiences
        
        the community of drug users in Vancouver
        
        what are the communities + what articulates them?
- - - - large naval operations to take island nations and exploit them for their natural resources
  - - - macro focuses on society
        
        colonial enterprise to develop their science and build their individual carriers
      - micro focuses on individual peoples
        
        survey's, records of people, scientific education
        
        tools to administer colonialism, and rationalization of the extraction of surplus
    - - through geology, botany, agriculture, and medicine
- - - - more defused, centralized, less hierarchical, and the way of doing science
        
        consensus conflicts
        
        minorities are well represented
        
        the more we're involved, the better tech we can produce
    - - public involvement
        
        Do It Yourself biology/biohacking
        
        citizen juries
        
        12-16 people represent a democratic society. different sides, and then the jury rules
        
        companies manufacturing medicine just like big companies, and selling at a more affordable price
        
        Insulin
  - - - opportunity to participate in decision making
    - - environmental and globalized change
      - security issues, aging pop., food security
- - - - gender is the most influential of the two, but gender and STEM mutually shape each other
      - horizontal segregation
        
        the shift in many jobs - outside the organization
      - vertical segregation
        
        "the glass ceiling"
        
        an invisible barrier made of discriminatory norms and practices
        
        preventing women and other known dominant members from rising to the more powerful and better paid positions
      - gender composition
        
        shapes what research gets done, under what premises, and through which means
        
        historical standpoints of scientists and engineers have blocked out social inequalities
    - - gender gives different roles to people of different sexes
      - dimensions
        
        cultural
        
        ideologies, beliefs, etc that sustain relations of gender systems
        
        prescribe features and behaviours to people depending on their sex
        
        social
        
        social relations that determine how people relate to each other in society
        
        workplace segregation according to sex
        
        individual
        
        gender identity and expression
        
        core part of who we are
        
        sexual identity and self-expression of a person
        
        we absorb and analyze individual norms and internally reproduce them
      - a self identity and non-reproductive attributes, behaviours, social roles
        
        the distinction between biology and society, and body-mind dualism
      - value neutrality views
        
        keeps scientists and engineers from turning their critical thinking into the premises of their work
        
        come back being "value free"
      - sex-gender-sexuality complex
        
        gender hierarchy
        
        focuses on interiorization and subordination of one sex to another
  - - - men represented the 'natural philosopher' and men were to tame and enslave women
        
        the new science was to be based on systematic observation and experimentation on data
        
        based for theorizing
        
        are there masculine and feminine ways of thinking?
        
        people believe men and women have different prenatal sexual development
    - - reinforcing gender dualism, stereotypes, and hierarchy
        
        focuses on the knowledge production side
        
        gender essentialism
        
        the belief that that the sexual binary and the corresponding genders exist as essences
        
        :- men are destined by nature to work in the public space, women in motherhood and domestic sphere
        
        "egg and sperm romance"
        
        represented as being antagonistic and emblematic of the 'external war between men and women'
    - - professionalism of science closed the possibility of opening science in domestic settings, making it hard for women
        
        women have contributed through lower positions
        
        feminism in the late 19th-20th century brought many changes
- - - - your observations are true but your conclusion may not always follow