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Self-report - Coggle Diagram
Self-report
questionnaire
a written method of gaining data. It may be completed by the participant or the researcher (who records the answers given by the participant). It does not necessarily require the presence of the researcher (e.g. they are often filled in independently and then posted off for analysis)
unstructured
a type of interview that may contain a topic area for discussion but no fixed questions or ways of answering.
open questions
a participant is given a set question to respond to, but there is a blank left underneath the question so participants can answer in whatever style they choose.
forced choice questions
when respondents have to choose one item from the limited range available. This is often seen as a criticism, implying a lack of validity as the answer that a respondent might want to give is not available for them to choose.
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structured
a type of interview that contains fixed predetermined questions and ways of replying (making use of closed questions)
likert scale
this comprises a number of statements (not questions), for each of which participants indicate whether they strongly strongly agree/agree/are undecided/disagree/strongly disagree.
standard response set
the tendency to give the same answer in response to all the different statements (e.g. always ticking 'agree' on a Likert scale in response to all statements'
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semi-structured
a type of interview in which the interviewer has a set of pre-prepared questions to ask; they are expected to ask all of these, although other questions will be developed during the interview in response to answers given by the interviewee.
closed questions
a participant is given a question that has the range of possible answers included with it- the participant has to choose the most appropriate answer for them
interview
this involves direct verbal questioning of the participants by a researcher (e.g face-to-face, or over the phones)
semantic differential
an attitude object is given (e.g. Christmas shopping) followed by a series of paired words (e.g. expensive/inexpensive; pleasurable/ not pleasurable). There are a number of spaces between each pair of words. For each of the words, respondents indicate where they would place their feelings in relation to the attitude object.
leading questions
a type of question that may cause the participant to be more likely to give a particular answer. It is often seen as a criticism.
smoke-screen
a question included to deliberately try and obscure the aim of the research (i.e. to reduce the demand characteristics of the investigation)
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