cell structure and compartments
Cell
The cell theory
cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
new cells are produced from existing cells
The different levels of cellular organization
Unicellular organism
these are the organisms that are compose of only one cell like bacteria
multicellular organism
this is a more completed organism which consists of many cells like humans
All living things are composed of cells.
Prokaryotic
Elcaryotic
characteristics
No nucleus
DNA is floating in the cell
Very few organelles
Small and simple
Most of unicellular organisms are prokaryotes
characteristics
have a nucleus
DNA is in the nucleus
Many organelles
Are larger and more complex
than prokaryotic cells
compartments
endoplasmic reticulum
goldi aparatus
ribosomes
nucleus
nucleolus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Cell membrane (or envelop) simply engulf/contains the cell and separate the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from outside
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Nucleus is the control center of the cell: DNA (genes) are there
Nucleus also has a membrane called nuclear membrane
Very similar to the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Genes are instructions for making proteins (important)
We will study protein making in future genetics lessons
Ribosomes are organelles that make proteins by connecting amino acids to each other. All proteins in the cell are made by ribosomes
Ribosomes may be free floating in the cell cytoplasm or can be attached to another organelle called endoplasmic reticulum
It is an extensive membranous (membrane enclosed) compartment associated with the outside of nucleus.
rough
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has some ribosomes attached to its surface
smooth
The main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to make lipids
These lipids can be used to make and maintain the cell membrane
Newly made proteins leave the ribosome and are inserted into spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum where they are modified and shaped into a functioning protein.
packaging and sending proteins to their destination
Somewhere in the cell
Or released out of the cell
Inside the Golgi apparatus proteins get their final modification and more importantly are packed into vesicles and sent to their place of function.
Nucleolus: A subcompartment inside the nucleus
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The role of the nucleolus is to make ribosomes
compartments
chloroplast
lysosome
cytoskeleton
plant cell wall
vacoule
mitochondria
Mitochondria is known as the powerhouse of the cell
The purpose of mitochondria is cellular respiration
During cellular respiration nutrients (food) are used to make energy!
The type of energy that the cell recognize and can use is called ATP
Is an organelle with two membranes
one outer and an inner wich is folded therefore the surface are is increased which means that there is more cellular representation
Is the storage area inside the cell
Vacuoles may also store waste to be removed from the cell
for example the waste from the cellular representation
stores water and food
a plants vacuole is full of water and on helps to give shape
Small organelles filled with enzymes
These vesicles contain some enzymes. The enzymes are digestive enzymes, meaning they break things down,, they digest things.
Lysosomes have a very thick membrane to prevent the digestive enzymes get into the cytoplasm and do damage to the cell itself!
Lysosomes can also dismantle an old organelles that no longer function
Food Vacuole is fusing with lysosome so the nutrients can be digested further
Cellular skeleton (cytoskeleton) is simply fibers or filaments of many (millions) of some specific proteins that come together to form strong scaffolding structures.
in helps to maintain shape and be more organised
Cytoskeleton also helps the intracellular (inside the cell) movement. Many proteins, or vesicles or large molecular complexes need to move around the cell. Cytoskeleton acts as a track on which a lot of transport can be done!
they serve as rail roads
central vacuole (plant) - The only difference is that the plant vacuole is much larger than the animal cell and its more central.
Also, it can fill with water and as a result push back against the cell wall. This is called Turgor pressure and it can help keep the shape of the cell.
Chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place
Photosynthesis is making of food driven by sunlight energy :)
has inner and outer layer just lie mitohondria
inside of the chloroplast there are large stacks of chlorophil
The cell wall is a supporting structure found in the cell of plants and fungi (Mushroom is a fungus, fungi means many fungus
The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell
it is made of cellulose which is a tough carbohydrate