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The patterns of information processing (how an individual interprets…

- - - - Cognitive Triad
        
        The cognitive triad refers to three patterns of negative thinking commonly found in individuals experiencing depression. These patterns involve negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future. They tend to be automatic and spontaneous in depressed individuals, contributing to feelings of helplessness and criticism.
        
        Ex: Depressed infividuals will view themselves with negative attributes such as helpless, unworthy, and not enough. Furthermore, they also see the world in a more defeatist manner. This is for past, current, and future events.
        
        As these views interact, they affect cognitive processing leading to disadvantages in perception, memory, and problem solving. Additionally may lead to issue with becoming obsessed (with negative thoughts).
      - Negative self Schemas
        
        Further, Beck beleived that indiviudals prone to depression would develop a negative self-schema.
        
        This is due to the negative view and expectation they have of themselves.
        
        He argues this may because of childhood trauma. Some examples of trauma that may cause this is as follows; death of a parent or sibling, parental rejection, overprotection, neglect, or abuse, and bullying.
        
        However, it is important to know that someone who developed a cognitive triad will not necessariy develop depression.
        
        Beck stated that some kind of stressful life event is required to activate this negative schema later in life.
      - Errors in Logic
        
        Individuals with negative sellf schemas are suggested to be more prone to logical errors.
        
        Several systematic negative bias in information processing known as logical errors or faulty thinking were identified by Beck.
        
        1.Arbitrary Inference. Drawing a negative
        conclusion in the absence of supporting data.
        
        2.Selective Abstraction. Focusing on the worst
        aspects of any situation.
        
        Magnification and Minimisation. If they have a
        problem they make it appear bigger than it is. If they have a solution they make it smaller.
        
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  - - - After six years, the researchers discovered that only 1% of the individuals in the positive thinking group developed depression, whereas 17% of those in the negative thinking group did. These findings suggest a potential connection between cognitive style and the onset of depression.
        
        This study might face issues related to demand characteristics, and its results are correlational. It's crucial to note that the exact role of cognitive processes in depression remains unclear. The negative thought patterns observed in depressed individuals could potentially be an outcome of depression rather than its root cause.
  - - - Seligman utilized dogs for his study, When a dog in a divided cage learns to escape electric shocks, it responds to the aversive stimuli by seeking an exit. However, if the dog is restrained during the shocks, it eventually stops attempting to escape. Dogs exposed to inescapable electric shocks later showed a tendency to not escape even when it was possible, displaying symptoms akin to human depression such as lethargy, passivity in stressful situations, and loss of appetite. These results suggests parallels between learned helplessness in dogs and certain manifestations of depression seen in humans.
        
        Hence, Seligman proposed that human depression might be explained by learned helplessness, where individuals stop trying to affect their surroundings due to learned helplessness from lacking control. However, this theory overlooks the role of cognitive processes (thoughts) in the development and persistence of depression.
    - - Introduced a cognitive perspective to the theory of learned helplessness. This involved reframing the concept by focusing on attributional processes, which refers to how individuals explain the causes of events.
        
        The depression attributional style is based on three
        dimensions, namely:
        
        Locus (whether the cause is internal - to do with a person themselves, or external - to do with some aspect of the situation)
        
        stability (whether the cause is stable and permanent or unstable and transient)
        
        global or specific (whether the cause relates to the 'whole' person or just some particular feature characteristic)
        
        In this revised theory, the mere occurrence of a negative event wasn't seen as enough to induce a state of helplessness or depression. Abramson and colleagues suggested that individuals who attribute their failures to internal (personal), stable (unchangeable), and global (affecting many areas of life) causes are more prone to becoming depressed. Conversely, those attributing failure to external (outside factors), unstable (temporary), and specific (affecting isolated areas) causes are less likely to experience such depressive states.
        
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  - - - Patients experiencing relapses exhibited increased activity in the medial prefrontal gyrus, a frontal brain region, which was also associated with heightened levels of rumination.
    - - Rumination seems to consistently forecast the beginning of depression rather than its duration, yet when combined with negative cognitive styles, it becomes a predictor for the duration of depressive symptoms.
    - - Mere patterns of cognition aren't adequate to cause depression; they must also arise as a response to environmental stimuli.