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Tectonics - Coggle Diagram
Tectonics
Hazard Mitigation Models
- PAR Model - Pressure and release model used to suggest which factors should be tackled first to ultimately reduce risk of a disaster by looking at root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions
- Vulnerability Quadrant - A model that considers risk and security and what categories a country fits in such as high risk low security or low risk high security
- Deggs Model - Considers the hazard event and disaster vulnerability under the idea that if a population is not vulnerable, a disaster can be avoided by being prepared for it
- Parks Model - A model that visualises how a disaster will affect a country before it happens and can give an estimation time for preparation, response, reconstruction and mitigation. Also provides a normality boundary to roughly estimate how many months / years a complete recovery may take
- Hazard management cycle - shows in which order tasks such as prevention, preparation, response and recovery should be done in and what happens in each of the four segments
- Risk Disk - Used to understand disaster management by splitting risk reduction into six sections, these are disaster preparedness, disaster response, disaster recovery, disaster mitigation, development and adaption to climate change
Modifying Loss
- Modifying loss refers to things such as disaster aid, international aid, and other aid donors such as the UN or governments of neighbouring countries
- Insurance agencies are another player involved that can help communities to recover and rebuild by providing financial support
- Non governmental organisations (NGOs) can also be involved in long term disaster relief such as Oxfam and save the children
- Downsides to aid may be government corruption that results in aid not being distributed properly or communities becoming too reliant on aid to survive
- Benefits of aid is that it provides funding to begin rebuilding and recovering and potentially fund mitigation to avoid the disaster from happening in the future
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Features
- Rift valleys are formed on constructive plate boundaries where two plates pull apart / separate leaving a void in between where they previously met
- Hotpots are areas where magma can up well from a boundary and helps push the two plates away from each other causing steam eruptions and out gassing
- Volcanoes typically on plate boundaries where an oceanic plate sub ducts below a continental plate, magma then up wells to form a volcano
- Volcanoes are found in two different forms, these are shield and composite volcanoes. Composite volcanoes are cone shaped with thicker magma and more violent eruptions whilst shield volcanoes are flat and wide with smaller eruptions
- Shield volcanoes can only produce gases and lava flow whilst composite can produce more dangerous features such as pyroclastic flow and lahar (snow melt) as well as large ash clouds
Plate Boundaries
- Constructive - Where two plates move away from each other / pull apart
- Destructive - Where two lithosphere plates collide with one of the plates sliding below the other
- Collision - Where two plates collide and instead buckle upwards to form mountains
- Conservative - Where two different plates slide past each other in opposite directions
Hazards
- Earthquakes - Occurs when two plates try and move but friction prevents them from moving, once this pressure builds up the friction is overcome and the plates move whilst releasing shock waves that are felt during the quake
- Volcanic eruptions - Magma rises through earths mantle and crust up to magma chambers where it collects and eventually rises up through vents and volcanoes promoting an eruption
- Volcanic Ash - Creates hazards such as tephra (ash cloud) and pyroclastic flow (clouds of gas, ash and rock that flow down a volcano)
- Volcanic eruptions can also cause ice / snow on the top of peaks to melt and result in flooding as a secondary hazard
Distribution of hazards
- Hazards are distributed around areas such as the pacific ring of fire, a technically active area with many active volcanoes
- Hazards are typically found at plate boundaries where two different plates meet
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Secondary Hazards
- Tsunamis - secondary hazards that form as a result of an earthquake that happens between two oceanic plates that displaces a column of water
- Aftershocks - secondary hazard that forms after an earth quake in the form of smaller shock waves that can cause significant damage after the primary earth quake has already happened
Multiple Hazard Zones
- Multiple hazard zones are areas where a location is susceptible to a combination of hazards, these include earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides and wildfires
- An example of this is California that is highly susceptible to all of the below hazards largely due to its geographical location on the San Andrea's fault line
Risk
- The World Risk Index ranks countries based on vulnerability to hazards, in particular the Philippines was ranked as 8th in 2022 due to their low elevation and vulnerability to flooding due to sea level rise
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Disaster Trends
- Disaster trends refers to the correlation between development and disaster
- Less developed countries typically declare more disasters as they suffer more loss as a result of lack of preparation
Resilience
- Refers to the ability for a community to cope with a hazard, this includes the ability to recover from a disaster within a relatively quick manner of time
- More developed communities are more likely to be resilient to hazards as they have better measures in place to reduce the impacts that a disaster onsets and better cope with them
Inequality
- Refers to the lack of access that developing nations have to help them build resilience to hazards such as education on hazards, income and healthcare
- Access to better education on hazards can help reduce overall risk as communities can become aware of what to avoid or evacuate when necessary
Vulnerability
- Educational vulnerability
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