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Section A: Themes, Individuals over res publica, The Social War, The power…

- - - - eg Sulla, Marius, Sulpicius, Octavian, etc
      - Marius, besieged at Praeneste, sent a message to Rome in 82 that they should execute all leading men suspected of sympathy for Sulla - four were killed
  - - - can't leave his province, lead his army outside it, enter a foreign kingdom or make war, and must leave within 30 days of the successor's arrival
- - - - established question maiestatis
    - - land bills
    - - land bills, grain bills
    - - suggested 35 new tribes for the Italians; gave Marius Mithridatic command
    - - lots
    - - Blocking of Clodius's elections
- - - - leads army under Sulla - 83-82BC
        
        command in Sicily and Africa against Marians - 81BC, granted by senate
        
        command against Lepidus, 77BC, granted by senate
        
        Sertorian command, 76, proposed by father-in-law Philippus, granted by the senate
        
        Returns to Italy in time to slay the last 6000 slaves of the Spartan revolt and claim credit for ending the war, to Crassus's dismay
        
        nomination and election to the consulship of 70BC, including a lex to circumvent his youth and lack of prior office
        
        2 more items...
        
        senate grants Pompey imperium to secure Sicily from Carbo, then by letter told to go on to Africa
    - - Cicero's account that Cretans went to find Pompey to surrender to him despite there being a Roman general stationed in Crete
    - - had never held office before first proconsular command
  - - - Marius, 88, Mithridatic War, Lex Sulpicia, annulled
        
        Marius had held the consulship six times previously
      - Scipio held aedileship 213, proconsul 213
  - - - geographical
        
        as geographical provinces started to form, these usually crossed their bounds
      - temporal
        
        compare to traditional magistracies annual, promagistracies confirmed annually.
    - - unlike - Caesar, Sulla...
    - - first done under Pompey, Mithridatic War
- - - - real armed war with Italians, Roman armies, and the legions of Strabo involved; Marius returns from exile to pledge loyalty to Cinna; profiting from the remains of the Social War by swaying allies to their side, etc
      - Sulpicius helped Sulla and Pompeius Rufus get elected - they then didn't support his bill for enlisting the Italians in 35 new tribes. This was unusual... Hence his alliance with Marius.
        
        Sulpicius's 'anti-senate' of 600 equites and 3000 soldiers
        
        declaration of iustitium or feriae imperativae by senate
        
        Sulpicius turns to violence in order to stop the iustitium - Sulla takes refuge in Marius's house
        
        Sulla leaves Rome after agreeing to Sulpicius putting through the legislation
        
        Sulpicius passes his bill giving the Mithridatic command to Marius
        
        1 more item...
      - Octavian was the first consul whose head was cut off and displayed before the rostra
      - a flurry of killings and suicides
- - - - dramatically gave up his dictatorship at some point in 81, while also running for the consulship of 80
    - - very strongly resisted - the people stoned his soldiers from the grooves until he threatened to fire their houses
      - stationed troops throughout the city
      - forced validity by making the senate declare Marius and co enemies of the state
    - - to prevent any magistrate, especially a tribune, from acting in accordance with the wishes of the people in disregard or defiance of the senate
        
        strengthened the senate
        
        no proposal to be brought before the people without prior agreement of the Senate
        
        increased enrolment
        
        magistrates automatically enter the senate
        
        revived the lex annalis
        
        interval required
        
        changed the court system - the most durable aspect of his work
        
        quaestio repetundae given to the senate
        
        arranged that laws come before the comitia centuriata, not tributa - control of the rich
        
        curtailment of tribunician powers
      - economics
        
        remit 1/10 existing debts, fixed interest rates
        
        founded colonies?
        
        no indication this actually happened
      - legitimacy
        
        clearly still considered himself a legitimate proconsul during his march - continued writing to the senate and boasting of his achievements etc
        
        Senate voted for a gilt equestrian statue to be set before the rostra, with the inscription Cornelio Sullae Imperatori Felici
        
        He arranged for Flaccus to be appointed interrex, and then wrote to Flaccus explaining that a dictator without time limit should be created, and it should be him, to reorder the republic and establish law
        
        this meant that any law he made would be ratified in advance, without any need to take it to the people; he could condemn individuals to death without trial
    - - clear belief in his own importance
        
        tries to lay down the law time and time again, including in 83 with Scipio, (known only from Cicero's Twelfth Philippic), when he covered topics such as the authority of the senate, the votes of the people, and the right of citizenship, during negotiations for peace
      - massacre of surrendered opponents at the Villa publica
      - pardoning Romans, massacring Samnites and Praenestines
      - proscriptions
        
        numbers not exactly known
        
        in the hundreds for sure
        
        punishments greater than any before because it applied to sons as well
        
        covered Italy
        
        retroactively authorised
        
        Pro Roscio Amerino - Cicero emphasises that Sulla hadn't been the source of all the corruption. Sulla was still alive when this was given, so a bit hollow... but maybe somewhat true?
    - - some aristocrats continued to support Sullan ideals: Catulus, Hortensius, the Lucili etc.
      - disdain for senate?
        
        he had left behind himself an inexperienced, divided, immoral senate that lacked authority
      - looked on talent with resentful suspicion
      - freed up to 10,000 slaves - support base?
      - abolished grain dole
      - sumptuary restrictions
      - settled veterans
        
        including settling them in and amongst Italian towns who had been anti-Sullan to punish them and control them
      - epitaph: "no friend ever outstripped him in doing good, no enemy in doing harm."
  - - - e.g., Rufus, Sulla's co consul in 88, was sent to take Strabo's army to be proconsul in Italy in 87, and Strabo's soldiers just killed him. Rebuke but no further action
      - including their own leaders - death of Cinna when trying to persuade his soldiers to cross to Liberia to fight Sulla
- - - - we have accounts in Siculus of the existence of and actions of the senate, but no idea eg. the language they spoke in, the method of choice of senators
  - - - and attempting to ally with Mithridates...
- - - - rights of cives Romani to all Latini and socio states that hadn't taken part in the social war or were willing to cease hostilities. Offered to all Italian socii states when the war ended, eliminating socio and Latini as legal and citizenship definitions
  - - - previously they had had civitas sine suffragio
  - - - but local elites running against each other
      - you were expected to vote for these people when they started running for Roman magistracies
    - - ius provocationis
      - ius suffragii, ius honorum - participation in politics
      - focus in politics
        
        subsidised grain, subsidised military equipment
      - ius connubii
      - ius commercii
      - ius migrationis
    - - unrealistic to expect they would get it after killing so many Romans
      - all our literary sources come from the winners - the Romans
- - - - provinces also paid indemnities
  - - - how does this compare to the number of soldiers they would have needed to protect themselves if Rome didn't exist?
    - - cash from war goes straight to Roman treasury
      - soldiers did get their booty, and probably normally the same amount as the Roman soldiers - but this wasn't necessarily a lot
      - protracted Jugurthine and Cimbrian wars made military service more of a burden
- - - - variety of magistrates replaced with quattorvirate
      - uniform lex municipalis not established until Caesar and Augustus
      - enrolment of citizens
        
        Sulpicius suggests 35 new tribes
        
        Cinna (cos 87-84) suggests enrolment in existing tribes; confirmed by Sulla
  - - - was given his own command for much of the Social War, including playing a major role in the south for much of it
        
        successes in the Social War led to his election to the consulship of 88
        
        the Mithridatic War was a higher priority than the remains of the Social War; Sulla was assigned to this
        
        Strabo fought on; Italian commander Silo was killed; Italians continued to resist but during the strife in Rome in 87, they negotiated a settlement with the weakened Roman government
- - - - clearly taking advantage of the breadth of empire
      - large volume of inscriptions with mentions of Italicei, Italici, self-designating and from others
      - Latins had the ius commercii and Italians were in some instances given it
- - - - Clodius, Gracchi
- - - - Ius suffragii
      - Ius migrandi
      - Ius provocationis
        
        THIS one is often cited alone
- - - - Lex de Termessibus
      - taxation in the East imposed by the Gracchi - to fund their socialist campaigns in Rome and Italy?
  - - - imposed in Spain in 179
      - trend towards more, not less, in the empire
      - imposed in Asia Minor during time of Gracchi
- - - - the Salaminians and Brutus
      - Caelius's request for panthers
    - - protecting reputation
        
        after prosecuting Verres in 70, Cicero is aware that he needs to guard himself from prosecution
- - - - impact in Jugurthine War
      - Cicero in PLM urges protection for the profits of the equestrians
- - - - 123 - Lex Acilia/Sempronia
        
        106 - Lex Caepio
        
        50% jury senatorial
        
        104/101 - Lex Servilia Glauciae
        
        back to equestrians; loss of citizenship for convicted officials
        
        81 - Lex Cornelia de Maiestate
        
        back to senators
        
        59 - Lex Iulia de Repetundis
        
        guilty officials into exile
        
        4BC - Senatus Consultum Calvisianum
        
        1 more item...
        
        double fine, equestrian jury, citizenship for prosecution
      - unknown
- - - - Sulla's memoirs include examples of ways in which the gods favoured and chose him
      - but there is no reason to believe that his religious belief was not genuine
        
        soothsayer Postumius promised him success - 88
        
        the goddess Ma-Bellona revealed that he would strike down his enemies