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BREATHING & CELLULAR RESPIRATION - Coggle Diagram
BREATHING & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
BREATHING
physical external process which brings air into the lungs
RESPIRATION
chemical internal process which extracts energy from food in a usable form
SPIROMETER
can be used to measure both tidal volume and vital capacity (take a deep breath in and blow into a small tube)
VITAL CAPACITY - the maximum volume of air that can be breathed in and out during deep breathing
TIDAL VOLUME - the volume of air breathed in and out during normal breathing
PEAK FLOW METERS
measure how fast a person can be breathed out after taking a full breath in
can help both diagnose or monitor respiratory conditions, e.g. asthma, COPD and chronic bronchitis
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
food (mainly glucose) is broken down into multiple steps, the energy within them is used to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
tri- and di- stand for how many phosphate groups
the addition of phosphate is called a phosphorylation reaction
every cellular process which requires energy uses ATP as its source
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
approx. 30 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
pyruvate formed is converted into lactic acid in animals and ethanol/carbon dioxide in plants
lactic acid causes muscle pain/cramp/muscle fatigue
krebs cycle and electron transfer chain cannot function but glycolysis continues
only 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule
ANIMALS - glucose → lactic acid + energy
PLANTS/YEAST - glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
BMR
the rate at which the body uses energy at rest to maintain basic life functions (measured in kcal/day or KJ/day)
BMR varies amongst individuals: typically higher in males than females and tends to decrease with age; obesity can increase BMR
useful in weight control programmes to help determine a suitable daily calorie intake for the paitent
MEASURING BMR
DIRECT CALORIMETRY
gas analysis by direct calorimetry, this is a measurement of heat production of an individual, when placed in an insulated chamber where the heat is transferred to surrounding water
most accurate method of measuring BMR
INDIRECT CALORIMETRY
calculates heat that a living organism produces by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste or consumption of oxygen
heart rate at rest can be used to estimate energy expenditure because there is a correlation between heart rate and oxygen consumption