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Biological therapies - Coggle Diagram
Biological therapies
Typical antipsychotics
Primarily used to combat the positive symptoms, such as disordered thinking - product of overactive dopamine system
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antagonists in the dopamine system.they work by binding to dopamine receptors (D2) and blocking their action. By reducing the stimulation hallucinations and delusions are eliminated
Atypical antipsychotics
combat both positive and negative symptoms, aswell as acting on dopamine they stimulate serotonin and glutamate receptors.
they also bind to the D2 receptors however instead of permanently blocking the dopamine action they temporarily bind to the receptors and then rapidly dissociate to allow normal dopamine transmission.
e.g. clozapine which has a mood enhancing effect prescribed when a patient is at high risk of suicide
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Evaluation of typical
EFFECTIVENESS
Point 1. Davis 1990 analysed the results of 29 students using a total of 3519 people. He found relapse rates of 55% of patients who had a placebo drug compared to only 19% of those who actually remained on the antipsychotics
suggesting that drugs must be effective since the rate of relapse is higher when taking a placebo. however 19% still relapse which is high, another factor?
Point 2. however not everyone responds to typical antipsychotics. 1/3 patients with sz do not respond to typical
showing that typical cant be used as the only treatment as they are not effective for some patients which limits their strenth.
Point 3. Vaughn & Leff (1976) found antipsychotic medication made a significant difference but only for those living in hostility and criticism in their home environment
relapse rate in these conditions and medication is 53% compared to those with a placebo at 92%. however in more supportive environments theres no significant difference, on drugs (12%) placebo (15%)
they work in reducing relapse rates reducing symptoms, however due to the hostile environement some people live in this increases the stress factor and relapse rate which could imply that the antipsychotics whilst they do work do not work as well in stressful environments
Point 4. problems with the evidence cited. in these studies patients in the placebo condition stop taking the drug and experience withdrawal
increases relapse rates, weakens the approach as they are only recieving the effect from their mental thoughts.
APPROPRIATENESS
some side effects to taking antipsychotics raising doubt. including: weight gain, diabetes, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and muscle temors.
'tardive dyskenesia' is an uncontrollable movement to the lips, tounge, face, hands and feet. 30% of people develop this on antis and it is irreversible in 75%
suggesting they have a life-altering nature and the severe side effects may reduce consumption and increase relapse
questioned on ethical treatment. provide a sedative effect for patients which can calm them in short term but they dont provide an adequate benefit to outweigh the cost in term of side effects and deaths
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Evaluation of atypical
EFFECTIVENESS
Point 1. have a positive effect on the positive symptoms and negative. Leucht (1999) found atypical drugs slightly more effective than conventional antis. Meltzer (2012) clozapine is 30-50% effective in the treatment of cases where typical have failed
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However Leucht (1999) also found through his meta-analysis that the superiority of atypical was only moderate
do have a mood enhancing effect, prescribed to those at risk of suicide. 30-50% die of suicide so this is important
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APPROPRIATENESS
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Clozapine can result in a rare disorder effecting 1% of people. Impacts bone marrow and can result in death. have to take further meds and regular blood tests so this counteracts the effectiveness of taking the treatment
doesnt make it cost effective, impacts daily lives
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