Meta ethics

What is meta ethics

Meta

Greek word, "beyond"

"Beyond Ethics"

Ethical naturalism

The view that moral properties can be reduced to natural properties. Observations of the natural world.

e.g Goodness = pleasure. You can see something and observe that it is good.

Moral terms can be defined in terms of observations of the natural world.

Form of reductive materialism

Ethical non-naturalism

The view that moral properties can not be reduced to natural properties. Moral facts are a completely separate thing from the natural world.

Natural science cannot explain moral judgements

e.g The moral propety of goodness is a unique and unreducible property. Good is just good. Only good is good.

Form of dualism

Two types of properties - Natural and non-natural

Morality is seen as a separate, non-physical realm

Intuitionism

Meta-ethical theory

Belief that moral truths are self-evident

We know through gut feeling, through our intuition what is right/wrong

Strengths

Direct and immediate approach - no need for complex reasoning/justification

Flexible - our intuition naturally weighs up different moral considerations

Recognises people's intuition isn't necessarily correct, there can be disagreements

Weaknesses

Subjective

Moral intuition varies from person to person

Personal bias

Cultural differences

Believes there are real objective moral truths that exist independent of humans

If morality is objective, some cultures must be objectively wrong as different cultures will hold different beliefs and intuition

Lack of clarity

No systematic method for resolving moral dilemmas

The Divine Command Theory

Meta-ethical theory

Morality, what is right and wrong, is determined by the commands of God

Strengths

No need for subjective human reasoning

Straightforward and unambiguous basis for morality - simply based in the absolute authority of God's commands

(for Christians) Encourages obedience and humility to God

Encourages individuals to transcend their own desires and adhere to God's higher moral authority

Weaknesses

Euthyphro Dilemma

Is something good because God commands it, or does God command it because it is good?

If the first is true morality becomes arbitrary as it depends on God rather than the inherent goodness of actions

If the second is true, morality exists independent of God's commands so God's commands are not the source of authority at all (which is what DCT claims).

Either way, God's commands can not be a flawless representation of morals posing a challenge to DCT

God's commands are open to interpretation

Different translations etc - how can we truly be sure what God is thinking? There is still subjectivity

God's commands are the basis of morality

Possible exam questions

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