Meta ethics
What is meta ethics
Meta
Greek word, "beyond"
"Beyond Ethics"
Ethical naturalism
The view that moral properties can be reduced to natural properties. Observations of the natural world.
e.g Goodness = pleasure. You can see something and observe that it is good.
Moral terms can be defined in terms of observations of the natural world.
Form of reductive materialism
Ethical non-naturalism
The view that moral properties can not be reduced to natural properties. Moral facts are a completely separate thing from the natural world.
Natural science cannot explain moral judgements
e.g The moral propety of goodness is a unique and unreducible property. Good is just good. Only good is good.
Form of dualism
Two types of properties - Natural and non-natural
Morality is seen as a separate, non-physical realm
Intuitionism
Meta-ethical theory
Belief that moral truths are self-evident
We know through gut feeling, through our intuition what is right/wrong
Strengths
Direct and immediate approach - no need for complex reasoning/justification
Flexible - our intuition naturally weighs up different moral considerations
Recognises people's intuition isn't necessarily correct, there can be disagreements
Weaknesses
Subjective
Moral intuition varies from person to person
Personal bias
Cultural differences
Believes there are real objective moral truths that exist independent of humans
If morality is objective, some cultures must be objectively wrong as different cultures will hold different beliefs and intuition
Lack of clarity
No systematic method for resolving moral dilemmas
The Divine Command Theory
Meta-ethical theory
Morality, what is right and wrong, is determined by the commands of God
Strengths
No need for subjective human reasoning
Straightforward and unambiguous basis for morality - simply based in the absolute authority of God's commands
(for Christians) Encourages obedience and humility to God
Encourages individuals to transcend their own desires and adhere to God's higher moral authority
Weaknesses
Euthyphro Dilemma
Is something good because God commands it, or does God command it because it is good?
If the first is true morality becomes arbitrary as it depends on God rather than the inherent goodness of actions
If the second is true, morality exists independent of God's commands so God's commands are not the source of authority at all (which is what DCT claims).
Either way, God's commands can not be a flawless representation of morals posing a challenge to DCT
God's commands are open to interpretation
Different translations etc - how can we truly be sure what God is thinking? There is still subjectivity
God's commands are the basis of morality
Possible exam questions
Links with other topics