Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Reporting discourse - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a) NEUTRAL verbs
        
        say, tell, ask
        
        b) MARKED verbs conveying (evaluation)
        
        claim, insist (suggesting that what was said can be doubted)
        
        In this case the reporter disendorses, (takes no responsibility for the utterance/enunciato)
      - Citations
        Direct citation:
        “there is a fracture between the syntax of D1 [the overall text] and D2 [the discourse of the cited statement] because it entails the maintenance of two different deictic centres (affecting tense, space and time adverbs and person- reference words), as a result of the two different enunciations being put in relation one to another; the two segments are connected through juxtaposition and they are signalled by graphic markers such as (:)”
        (Calsamiglia and Lopez Ferrero 2003: 155 in Garzone 2006: 98).
        Ex.: President Slump said: “The world is flat”.
        
        Indirect citation:
        there is only one discourse, D1, with a single deictic centre, a subordinate clause introduced by a conjunction, and the correspondent agreement of tenses; this involves a semantic process whereby the gist of the expert’s statement is reported hypotactically, being processed in order to adapt to the new subordinate syntactic status with shifts in pronouns and verb forms (person, mood, tense); the resulting statement is – in Halliday’s words –“twice cooked”
        (Halliday 1994: 253 in Garzone 2006: 99).
        Ex.: President Slump said that the world is flat.
      - Integrated citation:
        it has the form of indirect citation but with segments – of greater or lesser extension – signalled as being cited directly/literally with clear graphic or typographic marking, mainly with quotation marks or marked fonts (boldface or italics). This type of citation allows mixing syntactic traits of direct and indirect style, a phenomenon rejected by grammarians but frequently used by journalists (Garzone 2006: 99).
        Ex.: President Slump said that the world is “flat”.
        Ex.: Flat is the word President Slump used to describe the world.
        Ex North Korea's food situation is "tense", Kim Jong Un says
      - Inserted citation:
        cited words or sentences are brought into the main discourse
        
        by means of markers such as ...
        
        ‘in the words of X’,
        
        ‘according to X’,
        which have the function of assigning explicit words to a particular agent (literal or non-literal, depending on the use of graphic signs of quotation) without any communicative verb (Garzone 2006: 100).
        
        Ex.: In the words of President Slump, the world is flat.
        Ex. According to Indian media, Argentina pressured China to lower the price of the JF-17, or it will buy the HAL Tejas
      - Disendorsement
        
        – With disendorsement, the author is NOT taking responsibility for the statement s/he is reporting
        –The writer reports** what other people say but s/he also distances her/himself from the utterance*:
        ➢Military officials claimed (ha affermato)he was killed during an exchange of fire. However...
        
        the verb to claim (suggests that there are other points of views)
        
        the discourse marker ‘however’ (further reinforces this idea)
        
        ➢Italians ‘confess’ to murder plot in Afghanistan
        
        the use of the inverted commas seems to indicate that the
        author is not persuaded of the genuinity of the confession
        
        Ex. Cable-car disaster: three "confess" after being held
        
        Other ways to create distance
        Scare or sneer quotes
        (espressioni di spavento e sogghigno):
        –Quotation marks placed around a single word or phrase,
        rather than an entire utterance
        –Used to signal the reporter disendorses the source’s words in case of
        ➢Controversial, one-sided, prejudiced nature of what is reported
        ➢Inappropriate, colloquial or idiomatic language.
        
        Scare quotes,
        (citazioni intimidatorie)
        Ex. Iran "Captures" US Drone Surveying Country over Persian Gulf by VASUDEVAN SRIDHARAN:
        December 4, 2012 7:54 AM GMT
        Iran says it has captured an unmanned US drone which was surveying the country over the Persian Gulf (Iran=metonymy)
        The Commander of the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy Rear Admiral Ali Fadavi had said the drone had flown over the Persian Gulf several times in the last few days, before it was captured.
        The unmanned ScanEagle drone had violated the country's airspace, said Fadavi, before adding that "such drones are usually launched from large warships.“
        • Embedded citation + neutral reporting verbs
        
        Ex. For Republicans, "Crisis" (le virgolette!!) is the message ad the Outrage machine ramps up
        
        Examples
        Iran claims it has captured another US drone
        TEHRAN, Iran – Iran's state TV said Tuesday that the country's Revolutionary Guard has captured a U.S. drone after it entered Iranian airspace over the Persian Gulf.
        The report quoted the Guard's navy chief, Gen. Ali Fadavi, as saying that the Iranian forces caught the "intruding" drone, which had apparently taken off from a U.S. aircraft carrier.
        p. 113
        ➢ Marked reporting verbs + source qualification as ‘state-controlled’ media
        Iran claims seizure of U.S. drone over Persian Gulf - CNN.com
        By the CNN Wire Staff
        Iran claims to have captured U.S. drone over Persian Gulf waters, according to Press TV and FARS news agency.
        Tehran, Iran (CNN) -- A unit from Iran's navy has captured a U.S. drone flying over the Persian Gulf, according to Iranian state media reports Tuesday.
        The drone was collecting data, Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps is cited as saying by the state-run news agency IRNA
        The unmanned aerial device was a ScanEagle, Adm. Ali Fadavi, of the Revolutionary Guards, is quoted as saying.
        
        Endorsement
        
        The writer declares his/her public approval or support of the opinion he/she is reporting
        ➢A number of leading media analysts have compellingly argued (coerentemente sostenuto) that...
        ➢The analysis demonstrates that...
        • With endorsement, the author is taking responsibility for the statement s/he is making or indirectly reporting.
        Ex. European masterpieces form the met demonstrates art's power to speak to the human condition