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The knowledge and the knowers (TOK) - Coggle Diagram
The knowledge and the knowers (TOK)
PERSPECTIVES
BIAS
Cognitive Biases: These are mental shortcuts that can lead to errors in judgment. Examples include confirmation bias (favoring information that confirms existing beliefs), and the Dunning-Kruger effect (overestimating one's competence).
Perceptual Biases: Our senses and perception can be influenced by expectations and previous experiences. For instance, the anchoring bias makes us rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions.
The bandwagon effect is a social phenomenon where people adopt certain behaviors, beliefs, or styles simply because many other people are doing so. It's like being on a bandwagon in a parade, you get swept up in the momentum and excitement of the crowd, even if you weren't initially that interested in joining the parade.
Availability Heuristic: We judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily we can recall examples of it. For instance, overestimating the risk of shark attacks because of sensational media coverage despite their actual rarity.
Anchoring Bias: We rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions. This can be exploited in sales tactics, like presenting an inflated initial price to make a lower offer seem like a bargain.
Choice-support bias, also known as post-purchase rationalization, is a cognitive bias where individuals tend to retroactively ascribe positive attributes to an option they selected and/or to demote the forgone options. This essentially means that we justify our decisions, even if they weren't necessarily the best ones, by highlighting the positive aspects of the chosen option and downplaying the negatives.
Optimism Bias: We tend to overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes for ourselves, leading to unrealistic expectations and potential disappointment. This can be helpful for motivation but can also lead to poor decision-making if not balanced with realism.
Confirmation Bias: We favor information that confirms our existing beliefs and tend to ignore evidence that contradicts them. This can create filter bubbles and echo chambers, limiting our exposure to diverse perspectives and hindering our ability to learn and grow.
The blind spot bias is a cognitive bias where we tend to underestimate our own biases compared to others. We readily recognize biases in others but remain largely unaware of the ones influencing our own judgments and perceptions. This blindness can hinder our ability to think critically and make objective decisions.
Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias that causes people to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs or opinions, while filtering out or discounting evidence that contradicts them. It's like wearing a pair of glasses that only let you see certain colors, creating a skewed view of reality.
Conservatism bias, also known as status quo bias or resistance to change bias, refers to the tendency to prefer existing information, beliefs, and practices over novel ones, even when the new information is equally or more reliable. It's like holding onto a familiar path even when presented with a potentially better route.
Information bias is a broad term encompassing various ways in which the process of collecting, recording, analyzing, or storing information can lead to skewed or inaccurate results. It arises from systematic errors introduced at any stage of the information flow, impacting the validity and reliability of the conclusions drawn from that information.
While the image of ostriches burying their heads in the sand to avoid danger is a popular myth, the term "ostrich effect" in psychology refers to a genuine human tendency to avoid negative information, even when it's important or relevant. It's like metaphorically sticking your head in the sand to ignore unpleasant realities.
Outcome bias occurs when we evaluate the quality of a decision based solely on its outcome, neglecting the quality of the decision-making process itself. In simpler terms, we judge the book by its cover, overlooking everything that went into writing it.
Overconfidence is a cognitive bias where we overestimate our abilities, knowledge, or skills. It's like wearing rose-colored glasses that magnify our strengths and achievements while minimizing our weaknesses and potential for error.
The placebo effect is a powerful phenomenon where individuals experience improvement in their physical or mental health after receiving a treatment that contains no active ingredients. It's like tricking your mind into believing something is helping you, and in some cases, it actually does.
Pro-innovation bias describes the tendency to overly value and favor new things, ideas, or technologies, often ignoring or underestimating the potential drawbacks and limitations. It's like being dazzled by the shiny new object, neglecting the existing ones that might be doing a perfectly good job.
The clustering illusion is a cognitive bias where we mistakenly perceive random data as containing non-random patterns or clusters. This tendency can occur in various scenarios, including: Coin flips: Observing a sequence of heads or tails and believing it indicates a "hot" streak, even though each flip is independent of the previous ones. Stock market trends: Seeing patterns in stock price fluctuations even though the market often behaves erratically. Sports gambling: Believing that a team has a "hot hand" after winning several games in a row, when in reality their chances of winning remain the same.
Recency refers to the tendency to give more weight to recent events or information than to information encountered earlier. It's like putting a spotlight on the latest news while neglecting the bigger picture. This bias can affect various aspects of our thinking and decision-making.
Salience bias: This specific bias refers to our tendency to favor information that is inherently striking or attention-grabbing, regardless of its actual relevance or accuracy. Salient features like humor, strong language, or visuals can overshadow underlying logic or evidence, leading to biased judgements.
Selective perception is a cognitive bias where we process and interpret information according to our existing beliefs, expectations, and experiences. It's like wearing glasses with colored lenses that influence how we see the world. We notice, focus on, and remember things that confirm our existing views while filtering out or downplaying information that contradicts them.
Stereotyping is a cognitive bias where we classify individuals based on their membership in a particular group and ascribe certain characteristics or behaviors to them, often unfairly and inaccurately. It's like putting a label on someone based on stereotypes associated with their perceived group, ignoring their individual qualities and experiences.
Survivorship bias is a cognitive bias where we focus on individuals or entities that have "survived" a selection process, overlooking those who did not make it. It's like looking at a museum of successful inventions without ever seeing the countless failed prototypes that led to them. This distorted perspective can lead to inaccurate conclusions and poor decision-making.
Zero-risk bias: A tendency to prefer the complete elimination of risk in a sub-part, even when alternative options offer greater overall risk reduction.
IDENTITY AND POWER
Identity refers to the characteristics, attributes, and experiences that define who we are. It's a multi-layered and dynamic concept, shaped by various factors such as:
Community
Life experience
Culture
Gender
Beliefs
Power refers to the ability to exert influence or control over oneself, others, or situations.
How we do we use power to define someone or pull someone toward our identity?
We tend to ask people where are you from. We accidentally using our power as a local people there.
CONTEXT
Questions
How truthful is the information your senses are giving you about reality right now? How certain can we be about that question?
Context is important. We connect what we see and what we receive to build up our "vision".
CONTEXT VS REALITY
ETHICS
METHODS & TOOLS