The cultural dimension of globalization
'Cultural globalization': intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe (symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning).
The role of media
Global culture: sameness or difference?
Pessimistic globalizers
Optimistic globalizers
increasingly homogenized popular culture: Americanization (homogenizing force spreading the logic of Anglo-American capitalism and Western values)
'cultural imperalism'
McDonalization: low nutritional value and serious health problems, undermining cultural diversity, eclipsing human creativity and dehumanizing social relations.
Sameness as desirable expansion of democracy and free markets.
Manifest destiny to the global arena. Homogenized techno-culture. Global consumer capitalism.
Cultural diversification and hybridization. Globalization to multiplying forms of cultural expression: proliferation of culturally specific festivals and urban parades.
Glocalization: cultural hybridization.
Shaping people's identities and the structure of desires around the world.
Undisputed cultural hegemony of popular culture, and the depoliticization of social reality and the weakening of civic bonds.
Higher profits by ignoring journalism; sustained attacks on the professional autonomy of journalists, spreading 'fake news'.
The globalization of languages
Foreign language learning and tourism.
Internet languages: analysis of the dominance and variety of languages in international communication.
Movements of people: migration and traveling.
International scientific publications: the languages of global intellectual discourse.
Number of languages: declining number of languages.
Correlation between the growing global significance of a few languages and the declining number of other languages.
'Globish': 16th century, birth of British colonialism, 7 million people using English; in 2021, 60% of the content posted in websites (1.9 billion) was in English.
50-90% of the current existing languages will have disappeared by the end of the 21st century.
Ideological confrontations over globalization
Ideologies > ideological confrontations
Justice globalism
Market globalism
Religious globalisms
The rising global imaginary into a religious globalism.
Core definition: self-regulating and free market(s).
The five claims of market globalism
Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.
Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. Historical inevitability and irreversibility.
Nobody is in charge of globalization. Integration and deregulation of markets creating and sustaining asymmetrical power relations.
Globalization benefits everyone. Good or bad?
Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world. Free markets and democracy as 'common sense'.
Street Journal and the Financial Times > publishing market globalist claims.
Public opinion and political choices; exchange of commodities (public consumption) > market-oriented discourse of globalization.
Neoliberal imagos of a consumerist world; single market place.
The new face of justice globalism: Occupy Wall Street (OWS), decentralized 'General Assemblies' and working groups.
Another world is possible with the Global New Deal's five demands and the Five central claims of justice globalism.
World Social Forum (WSF) as the key ideological site of justice globalism, while World Economic Forum as the 'shadow organization'. WSF publicize a policy for a new global deal.
Social alliances and political actors: 'global justice movement' (GJM) > 'global civil society' > protection of global environment, fair trade, international labour issues, human rights and women's issues.
Orthodox Jewish movement with global ambitions.
Christian groups: the Army of God and Christian Identity...
Islamist extremists: ISIS and Al Qaeda. 'Political Islam' or 'Islamist fundamentalism'.
Jihadist globalists: single community of believers united in their belief in the one and only God. The restoration as a no longer local, national, or even regional event. A Westernized Islam.
Vision against an ideological alternative to both market globalism and justice globalism that imagines community in unambiguously global terms.
The challenge of anti globalist populism
What is national populism?
Political discourse, a mythical national unity, defending and protecting the pure 'common people' against the treachery of 'corrupt elites' and 'parasitical' political institutions.
Right-wing national populism: a populist explosion.
'Cosmopolitan elites' cheating masses. Promising 'the forgotten people' a return to national control.
Nationalist backlash against globalization: Mapping Trump's anti globalist populism
Economic consequences of the GFC and the Great Recession.
Pure people as holders of the general will who struggle against the corrupt elites. Sinister practices of 'selling out the wealth of our nation generated by working people'. 'The elites' to the specter of 'globalist enemies' working against the interests of the country.
Elite-engineered project of 'abolishing the nation-state' and 'to the detriment of the American worker and the American economy'.
Economic nationalism > national interests.
Complete and total disasters of immigration, crime, and terrorism that are destroying our nation. 'Globalist policies of open borders' endangering the safety of the American people.
Antiglobalist populism: Americanism, not globalism, will be our credo.
'make America great again': separation of 'national' from the 'global' in all aspects of social life in the US.