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1.1 Intro to Human Physiology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - exp - blood clotting, pregnancy
  - - - Stimulus
        
        Increase sweat / salt cause dehydrated
        
        S is osmoreceptor, C is hypothalamus sec ADH, E is kidney which more vol of water reabsorbed
        
        drunk cause high water content in urine
        
        S and C are same, ADH less sec, less water reabsorped
    - - Stimulus
        
        Cold
        
        S and C are same, E are Vasoconstriction to allow less heat loose and muscleskeletal contract and relax to generate heat
        
        Hot
        
        S is receptors, C is Hypothalamus, E are vasodilate allow heat loose and sweat glands active to cool body
    - - Stimulus
        
        Glucose level high
        
        Glycogenesis
        
        S is receptor, C is hypothalamus activate E which is alpha cells in pancreas, sec insulin, convert glucose into glucagon
        
        Glucose level low
        
        Glycogenolysis
        
        S and C are same, E is beta cells in pancreas, Glucagon converts glucagon into glucose
  - - - Bicarbonate buffer sys
        
        Present in ECF
        
        Strong acid become weak acid
        
        H2CO3 dissociates into
        
        CO2 AND H2O
        
        HCL react buffer
        
        Strong base bbecome weak base
        
        add H2CO3 then dissociates into
        
        H+
        
        react with OH- from NaOH form
        
        H2O
        
        Conc regulate by RESP SYS
        
        HCO-3
        
        react with NA of NaOH form
        
        NaHCO3 (weak base)
        
        Conc regulate by KIDNEY
        
        NAOH react Buffer
      - Phosphate buffer sys
        
        Present in ICF
        
        in rbc and other cells
        
        Strong acid (HCL) react w Phosphate form
        
        WEAK ACID - NaH2PO4
        
        STRONG BASE - NAOH react w phosphate form
        
        WEAK BASE - (Na2HPO4)
      - Protein buffer sys
        
        Present in blood
        
        In plasma and erythrocytes
        
        In plasma
        
        In hb
        
        Most effective protein buffer
        
        Deoxygenated hb powerful compare oxygenated
        
        Ez to bind H ion, then released when CO2 into capillaries
        
        Prevent fall pH, allow more CO2 into capillaries
    - - Remove CO2 produce from metaabolic activities in body
      - Stimulus 1: :arrow_up: METABOLIC ACTIVITIES, C02 :arrow_up: CONC AND H+
        
        Center chemoreceptors (CCR)detect, activate DRG and Pneumotaxic center
        
        PC activates DRG and VRG
        
        Effectors: :arrow_up: A.P through INTERCOSTAL NERVE and PHRENIC NERVE
        
        I.M and DIAPHRAGM activity :arrow_up: , :arrow_up: RATE VENTILATION and DEPTH
      - Stimulus 2: :arrow_down: METABOLIC ACTIVITIES :arrow_right: :arrow_down: CO2 CONC and H+
        
        :forbidden: DRG and PC detect by CCR
        
        HOWEVER, PC still send less frequent A.P to DRG and VRG
        
        Normal A.P through I.N and P.N
        
        Normal I.M and Diaphragm activity :arrow_right: normal VENTILATION and DEPTH
    - - Kidney prevent ACIDOSIS
        
        Sec H+ and retention HCO-3
      - REABSORPTION HCO-3 by SEC H+ in Renal Tubules
        
        Form CARBONIC ACID by
        
        Sodium-Hydrogen antiport pump
        
        ATP driven proton pump
      - EXCRETION H+ by (B.A.P) MECHANISM
        
        Bicarbonate
        
        IN RENAL TUBULE: H+ SEC :heavy_plus_sign: HCO-3 :arrow_right: H2CO3 (CARBONIC ACID)
        
        IN RENAL TUBULE: CARBONIC ANHYDRASE cause C.A dissociates :arrow_right: CO2 and H2O, then enter TUBULAR CELL
        
        IN TUBULAR CELLS; CO2 :heavy_plus_sign: H2O :arrow_right: CA then DISSOCIATES :arrow_right: H+ and HCO-3
        
        HCO-3 frm TUBULAR CELL INTO INTERSTITIUM, at the same time, NA+ reabsorped by ALDESTERONE from RENAL TUBULE
        
        1 more item...
        
        Phosphate
        
        IN RENAL TUBULE: H+ :heavy_plus_sign: NaHPO4 (PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYS) :arrow_right: NaH2PO4
        
        excreted in urine :arrow_right: add more H+ to make URINE ACIDIC
        
        occur most at DISTAL TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT BECAUSE MORE CONC OF NaHPO4
        
        Ammonia
        
        occur at PCT due glutamine :arrow_right: ammonia (NH3)
        
        NH3 sec frm TUBULER LUMEN exchange in Na+
        
        NH3 :heavy_plus_sign: H+ :arrow_right: NH (AMMONIUM)
        
        X PERMEABLE TO TUBULAR CELL MEMB, Remain in lumen then excreted innto urine