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REDOX - Coggle Diagram
REDOX
Organic
Oxidation
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Tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidised because the carbon atom that carries the OH group does not have a hydrogen attached but is instead bonded to other carbon atoms.
For example, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is a common oxidising agent that can be used to oxidise alcohols. The produce of the reaction depends on the location of the OH functional group in the alcohol molecule, the relative proportions of alcohol and the dichromate ion, and reaction conditions such as temperature.
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Reduction
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In reduction of an organic compound, the number of bonds to oxygen decreases and the number of hydrogen atoms increases.
Real life example is the reduction of the carbonyl group in living organisms. For example, in anaerobic metabolism, in which biochemical processes take place in the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is reduced to lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) in the muscles.
(Pyruvic acid is both a carboxylic acid and a ketone; only the ketone group is reduced.) The build up of lactic acid during vigorous exercise is responsible in large part for the fatigue that we experience.
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Food Chemistry
Substances known as "antioxidants" are reducing agents. Ascorbic acid is thought to prevent potentially damaging oxidation of living cells. In the process, ascorbic acid is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid.
In the stomach, ascorbic acid reduces the nitrite ion (NO2-) to nitric oxide (NO).
If ascorbic acid did not reduce the nitrite ion, the nitrite ions from foods would oxidise the iron in hemoglobin, destroying its ability to carry oxygen.
(Vitamin E) is also an antioxidant. In the body, vitamin E is thought to act by scavenging harmful by-products of metabolism, such as the highly reactive molecular fragments called free radicals. In foods, vitamin E acts to prevent fats from being oxidized and thus becoming rancid.
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Reducing agents are oxidised. Since, oxidised molecules lose electrons, they must be nucleophilic. Since electrophiles ‘love’ electrons, reducing agents must not. Therefore, reducing agents are nucleophilic.
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Inorganic
Electrochemical Series
Definition: The study of electricity and how it relates to chemical reactions. Electricity can be generated by movements of electrons from one element to another.
A battery is a package of one or more galvanic cells used for the production and storage of electric energy by chemical means.
A galvanic cell consists of at least two half cells, a reduction cell and an oxidation cell. Chemical reactions in the two half cells provide the energy for the galvanic cell operations.
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What is Redox?
Chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between two species. Relates to respiration, combustion, corrosion, rusting or photosynthesis.
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