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How do we see the world - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Titchener
        
        spread strucuralism
        
        fostered one of the largest PhD programmes in the US
      - Key elements of analysis are sensations
        
        every experience is a collection of each sensation
        
        different aspects
        
        intensity
        
        extent
        
        duration
        
        Investigated with introspection
        
        Wundt
        
        1896 psych
        
        Had their own psych flavoured periodic table
        
        about 44,000 different qualifications of consciousness
        
        Visual perception
        
        like a passive camera
        
        images from the world are painted in our eyes to give rise to sensations
        
        Issues
        
        Introspection is flawed
        
        not easily quantified
        
        not able to observate from an objective measure
        
        disagreement between psychologists as to what sensations to include
        
        Questioned by Gestadlt psychology
- - - - Muller-Lyer illusion
      - T illusion
      - you perceive size and shape as differently when affected by orientation and context
        
        perceptual systems also routine impose structures onto the things we see
        
        Bistability
        
        2 stable states
        
        e.g FedEx arrow
        
        Closure
        
        amolar edge
        (not actually there)
        
        Similarity
        
        when things look similar we tend to group them together
        
        Goodness
        
        an attempt to capture all organizational principles with one physical law
        
        lots of natural phenomena leas to this effect
        
        certain parts can seem more salient than others
        
        Psychophysical isomorphism
        
        organises incoming information
        
        Isomorphism hypothesis: perceptual organization phenomena reflect similar organization laws of neural networks in our brain
        
        2 groups of neurons
        
        one works to see the one part of the illusion, the other works to see the other
        
        when one group gets tired the other takes over
        
        states that a conscious experience is structurally identical to the activity of the brain.
        
        This means that the isomorphism is between the perception of a stimulus and brain activity, not between the physical stimulus and the brain activity itself.
        
        examples
        
        colour constancy
        
        objects in different coloured lighting are not perceived as changing colours even thought the colour of the light that hits the eyes changes
        
        form constancy
        
        objects are not perceived as changing shape every time they change orientation despite the shape of the image painting (on our eyes) being different
        
        issues
        
        use of non ecological stimuli
        
        nativism
        
        grouping principles are innate properties of our brain? if so then what about learning? what;s the point of that?
        
        we see things the way we do because our brain is wired that way? that's not reaaaally an explanation, it's more just saying "hey this is it shush now"
        
        interesting demonstrations but poor quantification of any phenomena
- - - - both food finding and evading predators
    - - created the term ecological validity
      - set up first psych lab in turkey
      - objects usually produce a cluster of cues
        
        cues produces by objects in the world are unreliable
        
        the key problem of perception is to figure out (infer) which objects produced what cue
        
        to survive organisms must be able to to make these inferences
        
        perceiver as an intuitive statitician
        
        many cues need to be combined and properly wighed
        
        ecological vailidty
        
        e.g., small retinal images tend to be produced by small objects, but not always
        
        how reliable a cue is for a certain object property
        
        external world
        
        functional validity
        
        whether a cue is actually used
        
        e.g colour blind people do not use colour as a cue
        
        internal world
        
        lens model
- - - - hanmanan von Helmholtz 1821-1894
        
        psychological optics 1909-11
        
        richard gregory
        
        perception as hypothesis testing
        
        devised and popularised many new perceptual demonstrations
        
        The information hitting our retinas us ambiguous
        
        so perception must be a constuctice processs to use those images to extract real world properties
        
        Form perception
        
        VonHelmholtz
        
        the visual world is not random and some objects are more liely to produce retinal images than others
        
        our brian perform unconcious inferenecses using knowledge about statistical regularities in the world (e.g we know that t closing door produces a rectangle image so we correct for it)
        
        Gregory
        
        modern idea of VonHelmholz
        
        sensory inputs trigger events in our nervous system (bottom up processes)
        
        1 more item...
        
        idea of unconscious intereferences