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External - Female achievement - Coggle Diagram
External - Female achievement
Browne
Shows us that the achievement of males and females within education has roller-coasted
1980s - concerns about females low achievement
1990s - females began to perform significantly well, except for maths and sciences
Present day - girls significantly outperform in all subjects
Rise in feminism
The increase in feminism has heightened the expectations and self esteem of women
Women can now look beyond being a housewife and mother as their main role in life
McRobbie (AO1)
Content analysis - studied girls' magazines between 1970s and now
1970s - emphasis on getting married and not getting left behind
Now - images of female independance and ambitions
Analysis (AO3)
Women in higher roles (Theresa May)
Increase in both parents working / decrease in one parent working
Changes in women's employment
47% in 1959 (one parent working) to 70% in 2007 (both parents working)
Increased female employment due to Equal Pay Act, Sex discrimination Act, etc.
Girls now see their future in terms of paid work rather than housewives
Also more career opportunities / better pay for women
Role models of successful women, acts as motivation
Webb et al (AO1)
Number of women in employment went up
Pay gap between men and women fell
Women are breaking through glass ceiling
Analysis (AO3)
Not relevant to society
Still a gender pay gap which may prevent women from aspiring within education
Evaluation (AO3)
Difference feminists argue that it is not benefiting all women due to other factors, such as ethnicity
Affects opportunities / aspirations within education
Changing ambition of girls
Sharpe (AO1)
Interviewed girls in the 1970s and 1990s
1976 - girls were focused on love, marriage, husband, children, then career
1994 - career and independence, higher aspirations in educations, changing priorities
Concluded that, due to increased employment opportunities, females have become extremely ambitious and aim for 'high professions' such as doctors and solicitors
Fuller (AO1)
Females found educational success was a central aspect of their identity
Creators of their own future - meritocracy
Aimed for professional careers - enables them to support themselves
Analysis (AO3)
Ofsted - 2011 Girls' career aspiration
Looked at the choices of courses and careers made by girls and young women
By secondary school, they could articulate why they could, should they wish, choose any kind of job, irrespective of tradition
Almost all girls were open to the possibility of pursuing a career that challenged gender stereotypes, if the career interested them sufficiently
Relevant to society as girls are breaking gender stereotypes
Diane Rey
Supports research
Reflects the reality of girls' class positions - limited aspirations reflect limited job opportunities they perceive as being available to them
Biggart
W/C girls saw motherhood as the only practical option
Less point in achieving in education
Evaluation (AO3)
Beck and Beck-Gernshiem support research as we can link this to the trend towards individualisation in modern society, where independence is valued more strongly than in the past
However, there are class differences in girls' ambitions
W/C still have gender stereotyped expectations to get married and expect to have low paid jobs