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The Changing environment of organization, New Employment Relationships,…
The Changing environment of organization
Diversity
Surface-level: Observable differences in people, including race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities, physical characteristics, and gender
Separation: Differences in position or opinion among group members reflecting disagreement or opposition—dissimilarity in an attitude or value, for example, especially with regard to group goals or processes
Deep-level: Individual differences that cannot be seen directly, including goals, values, personalities decision-making styles, knowledge, skills,abilities, and attitudes
Variety: Differences in a certain type or category, including group members’ expertise, knowledge, or functional background
Disparity: Differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources—dissimilarity in rank, pay, decisionmaking authority, or status,
for example
Generational diversity
Age diversity
May result in younger managers supervising older workers
Reverse mentoring: pairing a junior employee with a senior employee to
transfer technical/computer skills from the junior employee to the senior one
• Diversity issues for managers
The business case for diversity
Diversity also fosters greater creativity and innovation.
Organizational performance increases when employees have a positive attitude toward diversity.
Managing diversity
Top management support for diversity and for diversity initiatives.
Older adults may benefit fromself-paced learning environments and confidence-boosting interventions.
Globalization
Factors increasing globalization
Control of labor, distribution and distribution costs
increased international competition
Advances in communication and transportation
Cultural competence
Our attitude toward cultural differences
Cross-cultural skills
Awareness of our worldview and our reactions to people who are different
Cultural competence The ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures
Knowledge of different worldviews and cultural practices
Cross cultural skills
Our attitude toward cultural differences
General observations
Specific Cultural Issues
Hofstede’s
Categories
Uncertainty avoidance
Long
term orientation
Individualism
Short
term orientation
Global Perspective
Technology, manufacturing, sevice organization
Technology and Competition
Maintaining a leadership position: technology is the basis of competition for some firms
Coping with decreasing cycle times (the time it takes a firm to accomplish some recurring activity or function, e.g.,making deliveries,
Information technology and social media
Ethics and Corporate Governance
How employees treat the organization (conflicts of interest, secrecy, confidentiality, personal internet use, unacceptable absenteeism)
Treatment of economic agents (customers, competitors, stockholders, suppliers, dealers, unions)
Treatment of employees (hiring, firing, wages, working conditions, respect, privacy)
New Employment Relationships
Management of knowledge workers
Knowledge worker employment issues
Outsourcing
Disadvantages of outsourcing
Disaffected employees
Reduction of domestic job opportunities
Advantages of outsourcing
Lowers labor costs through exportation of work
Helps firms to focus on core activities
Offshoring
Advantages of offshoring
Lower labor costs
Disadvantages of offshoring
Controversial issue
Temp and contingency workers
Tiered workforce
Psychological contract
Generations (by birth year)
Seniors: 1922–1943
Baby boomers: 1943–1963
Generation X: 1964–1980
Generation Y/Millennials: 1980–2000
Corporate governance
Social responsibility
have lasting effects, social responsibility efforts should be integrated into the culture of the organization
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has created a variety of standards that help organizations gain international acceptance of their practices and outcomes.
Businesses living and working together for the common good and valuing human dignity
Governance issues
Proper management of the business in the best interests of
shareholders and other stakeholders
Ethical Issues and Information Technology