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Digestive system, digestive-system-illustration-26535a, starts at the…

- - - - symptoms of ibs include abdoninal pain, bleeding, diarreah weight gain, and fatigue
  - - - ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease
  - - - an ulcer can cause mild or severe bleeding
        
        the severity of symptoms depends on the locaton of the bleeding and whether the condition is acute or chrinic
  - - - hemat/o blood
        
        emesis vomiting
  - - - bleedingg hemorrhoids
        
        hemat/o is the word root forr blood, and shezia means to eliminate
  - - - whe blood is digestrd the results is dark smellsy stools
  - - - symptoms can include abdonimal pain, severe diarrhea fatigue weight loss and malnutrition
- - - - eating or drinking nutrientw
    - - movement of ingested material from the mouth, through the GI tract, to then anus
    - - breaking down food by physical means
        
        happens in three parts of the GI tract
        
        mouth
        
        mouth the teeth tongue and cheek muscles work together to break down food (especially vegetables, grains, and nuts
        
        masticaton
        
        chewing
        
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        stomach
        
        strong muscle layer churns the food for hours until it is a thick creamy consistancy
        
        most of the mechanical digestion of meat and softer foood happens here
        
        chyme
        
        thick creamy paste of gastric juices and partially digested food
        
        small intestine
        
        small intestine
        
        muscles and bile work together to emulsigy and break dwn fat lipids into tiny droplets
        
        emulsification
        
        breaking down large fat globules into smaller particles
    - - use of stomach acid and enzymes to break down food and nutrients
        
        chemical digestion also happens inthree parts of the GI tract
        
        mouth
        
        saliva sontains amylase
        
        this enzyme breaks down complex carbohydrates (starch)
        
        bolus
        
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        stomach
        
        hydrochloric acid actibates a precrsos protien enzyme called pepsingen
        
        the active for is pepsin, which triggers chemical digestion of protiens to smaller units(peptides)
        
        chyme - paste of predigested food
        
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        smalll intestine
        
        the main area for chemical digestion
        
        chyme is mixed with ezyme rich pancreatic juice which break down all major nutrients
    - - entrance of digested food into our blood
        
        nutrients and water are then transported through mucous membranes into the body
    - - execretio of food content that cannot be broken down and absorbed in the /gi tract
        
        any impaired of these steps will have negative impact on nutritinal status and overall health
- - - - gastroenterologist
        
        disorders of the stomach and intesties
      - proctologist
        
        diroders of the colon rectum and anus
      - to determine cuase of condition
        
        computerized tomography CT of the abdomen
        
        abdnorminal iltrasound
        
        radiographic x ray of bile ducts
      - diagnosing endoscpoic procedures
        
        determine diagonosis
        
        direct visualiztion
        
        anus- anoscopy
        
        stomach gastroscopy
        
        rectum- proctoscopy
        
        surgical procedures
        
        colectomy
        
        partial removal
        
        removal of part of the colon
        
        total colectomy
        
        removal of entire colon
        
        surgical creation or opening ostomy
        
        colostomy opening between colon and outside the skin
        
        colostoma the opening outside the body
        
        stoma
- - - - digestion tarts here
        
        food begins to be broken down
        
        Stomat/o
        
        stomatitis inflammation of the mouth
  - - - 10' long tube Esophag/o
        
        esophagitis
        
        inflammation of the esophagus
  - - - mic=xed with acids
        
        Gastr/o
        
        gasterointestinal
        
        pretaining to the stomach and intesties
        
        gastrointestinal GI tract
  - - - duodenum
        
        duoden/o
      - jejunum
        
        jejun/o
      - lleum
        
        ile/o
    - - Enter/o
        
        enteritis
      - Gastroenterostomy
        
        surgical connection between stomach and small intestine
        
        Gastr/o stomach
        
        enter/o intestines
        
        ostomy creatin of atrifical opening
  - - - absorption elimination
        
        colonoscopy visual examination of the colon using a scope
  - - - an/o anus
        
        proctepexy
        
        surgical fixation of prolapsed rectum
        
        proct/o rectum
        
        pexy- surgical fixtion
  - - - hepatomegaly
        
        enlargmento of the liver
    - - cholecyst/o
        
        cholecystectomy
        
        removal excision of the gallbladder
    - - pancreat/o
        
        pancreatic- pertaining to the pancreas
- - - - carbohydrates
        
        Dietary sources
        
        sugar and starch
        
        fruits and vegetabeles, honey and grains
        
        uses
        
        glucose used by the cells t make atp
        
        insoluble fiber cellulose in vegetabes provides roughage
        
        soluble fiber pectinn in apples and citrus fruits reduces blood cholesterol levels
        
        dietary requirments
        
        recommended intake 45-65% of total daily calorie intake
        
        minimum
        
        100 g day complex carbohydrates
      - lipids
        
        dietary sources
        
        saturated fats
        
        meat, dairy, tropical oils
        
        unsaturated fats
        
        seeds nuts oils
        
        cholesterol
        
        egg yols, meats, shellfish milk
        
        essential fatty acids
        
        vegetables
        
        uses
        
        major fuel
        
        of liver cells and skeletal muscles
        
        phospholipids
        
        are essential in a cell membranes
        
        adipose tissue
        
        forms layers around body organs and an insulating layer below the skin concentrated source of energy
        
        cholesterol
        
        stabilizes nenbranes and is a precursor of steroid hormones
        
        dietary requirments
        
        fats should be represented 30% or less of total caloric intake
        
        saturated fats should be limited to 10% or less
        
        daily cholesterol intake should be no more than 300 mg
      - proteins
        
        dietary sources
        
        eggs, milk, fish, nutes, amino acids
        
        uses
        
        structural protiens
        
        keratin
        
        callagen, elastin
        
        muscle proteins
        
        dietary requirments
        
        rule of thumb daily intake 0.8 g per kg body weight= 1 egg
        
        all pr none rule all amino acids needed must be present for protein, synthesis to occur
- - - - hepatitis
        
        hepat/o liver
        
        predominantil by viruses
        
        sceintists have indentified 5 ninque hepatitis viruses A, B C D E
        
        Heppatitis A (HAV) caused by hepatitis A virus and is transmitted via contaminated food or water
        
        it caused an acute hepatitis that can be fata; hepatitis A can be prevented by a vaccine
        
        Hepatitis B hepatitis C hepatitis D are a;ll transmitted via contact with lood , emen, or other bodily fluids
        
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  - - - only occures in people with hepititis B there is currently no vaccine to protect agaisnt Hepititis D
  - - - avaccinr has been approved for use in china
  - - - the liver in unabke ti process bilirubin sufficiently
        
        bilirubin
        
        produced during normal breakdown of old red blood cells by the liver bilirubin to make bile
        
        bili/o bile
        
        rubin red
  - - - phototherepy
        
        light therepy via a bili-blanket or bili light (with eye covers over the eyes, for a week
        
        light helos to break dwn bilirubin so that it can be properly processed by the baby's liver
  - - - often c=found in acute hepititis
        
        hepto liver
        
        megaly
        
        enlargment
  - - - cirrh/o orange yellow
        
        osis abnormal condition
        
        commonly caused by chronic alchohol abuse, and hepititis B and C
        
        once the liver gets to this state of disase, the process of forming scar tissue cannot be stopped but can be slowed down with medication
        
        ascites
        
        an abnormal accumilation of fluid in the peritioneal cavity
        
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    - - gynecomastia
        
        condition in men where breasts are developed
  - - - nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
        
        condition found in middleaged, obese people, especially those who suffer from diabetes and elevated cholesterol levels
    - - steat/o fat
        
        -osis abnormal condition
        
        nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
        
        a more serious version of NAFLD with fat deposits in addition to damaging chronic inflammation
- - - - HDL transports cholesterol to our liver to be expelled, and helps out body get rid of excess cholesterol
        
        helps protect agaist heart attacks
  - - - LDL transports cholesterol, to our peropheral tissues including our arteries, where it can accumalate and cause atherosclerosis
        
        high levels of LDL increase the risk of heart attack
        
        LDL is considered to be Bad Cholesterol
  - - - HDL is the good cholesterol becuase it protects us agaisnt having heart attack
        
        Aerobic excise and esstrogen increase our HDK levels and decrease our LDL levels
  - - - cholesterol chlesterol
        
        emia condition in the blood
  - - - veacause the bile becomes more concentrated in thr gallblader, the chance of developing crystals or small stoines increases there
        
        gallstones /biliary calcli/ choleliths
        
        crystalline stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
        
        chole bile
        
        lithn stone
  - - - chole bile
        
        lithiasis presencce of stones
        
        passing gakk stones very painful and accompanied by nasuea dna vomiing
        
        Cholecystectomy- surgrical pircedue rte over their gallbladder
        
        cholecyst/o
        
        ectomy surgical removal
  - - - cholecyst/o gallbladder itis inflamation
  - - - itis iflmattation
        
        bioth conditons can be extremly paiful
        
        expossed o toxins and pathogens in our foood everyday.
  - - - cancer of the colon and rectum
        
        third most common cancer in men and womaen
    - - also in the top 10 most common cancers for both sexs
    - - mainly found in smokers and patients with long history of acid reflux
    - - unspecific symptoms, such as anemia , fatigue, and weight loss with advanced colorectal cancer
        
        Esophageal cancer can lead to difficulty swallowing , chest pain, or coughing
    - - CT scan
      - mri
      - biopsy samples via endoscopy
        
        reatment
        
        standard apprach s surgical removal followed by chemotherapy and radiation therepy if needed
- - - - nutri/o food nourishment
        
        on noun ending
  - - - children who are deprived of food will be shorter thann normal and underweight
        
        mall nutrition
        
        not eating enough of the right food, or not being able to use that tyoe of food that we ingest
  - - - mal bad absorbtion digested food moving into blood
- - - - having the urge to vomit
    - - the return of partially digested food from the stomach back intot he mouth
    - - an extreme condition of persistent vomiting
        
        hyper - excessive
        
        emesis vomiting
    - - the medical term for indigestion
        
        dys- bad
        
        pepsia digestion
        
        caused by
        
        hot or spicy food that irritates te stomach lining
        
        bacterial infection
        
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    - - a disorder characterized by frequent watery stools
        
        dia- through
        
        rrhea flow discharge
        
        cuases
        
        infection
        
        stress
        
        food poisoning
        
        the intestinal lining becomes irritated and the muscles of the GI tract respond by inceeasing peristalsis which decreases water absorbtion
    - - the primary concern for children and the elderly who suffer from diarrhea is losing too much water
        
        water balance in our body is essential for our health
        
        dehydration
        
        harmful level of water loss
        
        de removal of
        
        hydro water
    - - stomach intestinal inflammation resulting from visuses or bacteria
        
        gastr/o stomach
        
        enter/o intestine
        
        itis inflammation
        
        moat cases of gastroenteritis are caused by viruses that spread easily by contact with other people of contained surfaces
    - - an acute diarrheal caused by an infection with the bacterium vibro cholerae
        
        mainly afffects the small intestine, which leads to sever diarrhea qith water and electrolyte loss from the body
        
        a bif concern for people with cholera is circulatory shock and even death if they cannot replenish the lost fluids
    - - this is another bacterial infection of the GI tract that can leade to severe diarrhea, vommiting, abdominal cramps, and high fever
        
        caused by an infection with the bacterial salmonella species
        
        salmonella infection is usually caused by eating faw or very undercooked chicken, meat, or eggs.
    - - most often caused by the bacterium E. coli (escherichia coli
        
        the food may not have nee cooked properly or may have been sitting outside for too long, which gives the bacteria time to grow
        
        most cases are mild to moderate
        
        severe causes may be fatal or older patients and young children
    - - irritable bowel syndrome
        
        condition where the colon spasms and causes symptoms like cramping, pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation
        
        is a common condiiton associated with stress
        
        some people can control their symptomsby managing their lifestyle , stress level, and diet
    - - condition in which causes diarrhea nausea and vomiting, along with fever, chills, and abnormal pain
        
        diverticula
        
        small pouches of the colon wall formed when increased pressure pushes the colon wall outward
        
        common to have diverticula
        
        the infection may be caused when a small food iteam (strawberry seed, popcorn, gets stuck in one of the pouches and causes inflammation