consolidation of the Tudor dynasty - Henry viii
consolidation of power
addressing Henry VII's legacy
characters and aims
character
consistent aims
distancing himself from his father's unpopularity
pursuit of glory and war against France
to build on Henry VII's firm foundations
secure the succession
early aims
a bloated tyrant?
later aims
a renaissance prince?
styled himself as a fecund (fertile) prince who could secure the Tudor dynasty
loved hunting, music, poetry and court entertainments
considered very handsome and vain, egotistical and righteous
debate over whether there was a sepcific accident which triggered this, or whether he always displayed traits of cruelty and instability
treason laws became much harsher during the 1520s as he feared people would not accept his marriage to Anne Boleyn
behaviour changed during reign
establishing England's status as an important European power
maintaining England's security and stability
wanted to establish himself as king of England
wanted to distance himself from his fathers unpopular policies
initially wanted to legitimate his authority
led to him focussing on become rex imperator (an imperial kind)
by the 1530s, he aimed to rid England of papal authority :
by th end of 1520s they included divorce from Catherine of Aragon and marriage to Anne Boleyn
he coudld divorce, re-marry and become rex imperator
Henry VIII waskeen to ditamce himself from his father's legacy. unlike his father, Henry VIII was far more certain in his right tone kind and believed it was his destiny
changes from Henry VII's rule
Henry VII's legacy
at first, the Royal Council was full of Henry VII's loyal servants. among those were:
there was around £300,000 in the royal coffers in 1509
Sir Thomas Lovell
Bishop Fox
Lord Chancellor
Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon, who had not been allowed to leave England, securing the marriage alliance with Spain
as soon as Henry VIII became King, he attacked huis fathers advisors and institutions
his government
Thomas Cromwell
crown and parliament
Thomas Wolsey
he only called for parliament twice
in his early years, he used parliament in a similar way to his father. bu the relationship between Coren and parliament was altered by the Henrician Reformation
first was in 1515 for the Hunne Case. Richard Hunne refused to pay the Church fees of his baby's burial. After being arrested, Hunne was murdered. This was an incident that clearly exposed anti-clericalism in parliament.
second time was in 1523 when parliament needed to agree to greater taxation
parliaments pressure on the clergy
parliaments pressure on the Pope
the supplication against the ordinaries in March 1532 demanded that the King deal with the corruption of the clergy
the submission of the clergy in May 1532 stated that he could make decisions on Church laws without the Pope
in 1531, he pardoned the clergy of crimes against him. but he also forced them to recognise him as the lawmaker and head of the Church
in Jan 1533, Cranmer married him and Anne Boleyn in secret
in Aug 1532 he asked the Pope to choose Cranmer (who had Protestant sympathies) to be the Archbishop of Canterbury
in 1532, parliament passed the Act in restraint of Appeals. this meant no appeals could be made to the Pope on decisions taken in English courts
in Jan 1532, Parliament passed the First Act of Annates. this mean agnates (payment to Rome from the clergy when taking up a new post) were suspended
parliament and the Henriciam Reformation
Henry VIII's use of parliament set a precedent
parliament passed the Act of Supremacy and the Treason Act
Henry VIII ad Cromwell had relied on parliament
parliament had a role in changing the country's religion
Henry VIII was not interested in the details of government. this meant his ministers could be very powerful. his first minister was Thomas wolsey
The Great Matter
Wolsey's fall
Wolsey and the Church
historical debate
Wolsey's rise to chief minister
overcame rivals at court. the gentleman of the bedchamber, for example, were purged in 1519 and reduced unfit the Eltham ordinances
was intelligent, worked tirelessly and served Henry well
quickly rose through the Church's ranks - by 1518 he was a Papal Legate (meaning he could act on the Pope's behalf )
was very influential between 1510 and 1529
as a Catholic and Papal Legate, he was opposed to ideas of Protestantism
he tried to reform the Church. he promoted education and wanted the quality of the clergy to improve
but Henry VIII was at odds with the Church because he wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon (the great matter)
when he was Chief Minister, the Reformation was happening in Europe
Henry was concerned his royal prerogartive was being undermined. Wolsey assured him it was not
Henry wanted Wolsey, as both chief minister and Papal Legate, to influence the Pope. Wolsey failed and the Church came under attack
during the late 1520s, Wolsey tried to protect the Church from the King as Henry VIII was frustrated by the Pope over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon
failing to resolve henry's 'Great Matter', Henry VIII questioned his loyalty (believing he was serving the Pope before him)
Wolsey's first failing was the Amicable Grant in 1525. Wolsey introduced the grant to fund Henry viii's war with France . it resulted in rebellion and Henry VIII was forced to pull out of the war
that 'the Boleyn faction orchestrated Wolsey's demise because he would not or could not obtain a divorce'
by 1532, he replaced Wolsey as Henry viii's new chief minister
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Cromwell's governance reforms
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Cromwell and Henry VIII's divorce
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Cromwell's religious sympathy
played a main role in the dissolution of monasteries in 1536
by the end of the 1530s, he was dissatisfied with the level of reform. he believed more Protestant reforms could be made. this desire contributed to his downfall
in the mid-1530s, Cromwell encouraged preachers to spread Protestant messages
Cromwell used parliament to attack the Church until, 1534, the Royal Supremacy confirmed on Henry the power of king and pope
in sep 1630, Thomas Cranmer and Edward Foxe gave the king their book which provided legal grounds for Henry to have an annulment pf his marriage
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