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External - Social class - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Education is expensive
      - Heavy burden on poor families caused by the cost of things
    - - Fear of stigmatisation - FSM and ripped uniform
      - Financial restrictions - W/C may have to take up part time jobs, which impact their education
  - - - Looks at links between poor and overcrowded housing on educational achievement, found many negative effects
      - Less space to study
      - Less space to play
      - Increased bullying (hygiene, not knowing things)
      - Greater disruption due to moving more often
      - Hazards to health, high rates of stress and mental illness in parent
    - - Poor housing conditions have a damaging impact on children's learning
      - Children living in overcrowded or damp accommodation are more likely to miss school
  - - - Notes that young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals
    - - Children from poorer homes are more likely to have emotional or behavioural problems
      - Found that the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity
- - - - Related educational attainment to parental interest
      - M/C parents were more interested
      - Visited school more frequently to discuss progress
      - Wanted their children to stay in school beyond minimum age
      - Gave their children more attention and stimulus during primary socialisation
    - - M/C mothers are more likely to choose toys that encourage thinking and reasoning skills and prepare children for school
  - - - Claimed that language used in lower class homes are deficient
      - Grow up unable to use language to explain, describe, and enquire
      - So they are unable to take advantage of the opportunities schools offer
    - - Language is linked to developing understanding and thinking
      - Restricted code
        
        Short hand, short, simple sentences
        
        Meanings are implicit and much depends on gesture and expression
      - Elaborated code
        
        Detailed, explanatory, analytical
        
        Meanings are explicit
      - Differences in speech codes give M/C children an advantage at school
      - Elaborated code is the language used by teachers, textbooks, and exams
  - - - Found W/C parents placed less value on education and were less ambitious for their child
      - Less interest in their education and visited schools less often
    - - W/C subcultures' beliefs and values are a 'self-imposed barrier' to educational and career success
    - - W/C parents lack of interest was the main reason for their children's underachievement
    - - Found 4 features of lower class barriers to achievement
      - Immediate gratification - pleasure now, rather than making sacrifices to gain success
      - Fatalism - 'whatever will be, will be'
      - Present time orientation - present is more important than the future
      - Collectivism - being part of a group is more valued than achieving individually
  - - - Argues that cultural and material factors both contribute to educational achievement
      - Capital usually refers to wealth, but in addition to economic capital, there is an educational capital
      - The M/C habitus places much more value on the following kinds of activities and thus these are the kinds of activities which M/C children are exposed to compared to W/C children
      - Reading non-fiction and classic literature, learning to play classical instruments
    - - Class differences in parental choice of secondary schools, studied 14 London schools was based on interviews and secondary data
      - Found that economic and cultural capital leads to class differences in how far parents can choose a child's secondary education