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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES, Some adverbial clauses, CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, SPECIAL…
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Tense sequence with
adverbial clauses of time
To talk about
past
or
present
➔ use the same tense as in the independent clause
Eg:
When
she
heard
the result, she was overjoyed.
To talk about
future
➔ use present
Eg: Wait here
until
you
are
ready to go.
To talk about an action completed before another described in the independent clause ➔ use
simple or perfect
verb forms
Eg:
As soon as
you
see/ have seen
her, come and tell me.
Definition
A dependent clause introduced by an adverbial subordinator
Used to modify the verb of the independent clause
➔ functioning as an adverb
Many types: time, place, manner, condition, etc.
Reducing adverbial clauses
Retain BEFORE
Eg: A student should consider some factors BEFORE choosing a major.
Retain SINCE
Eg: SINCE moving to the U.S., Carlos has not been back home.
Delete AS when it refers to time
Eg: Getting used to the way of life here, he became less homesick.
Delete all subordinators referring to reason
Retain AFTER, WHEN and WHILE when the reduced form follows the
independent clause
Eg: WHILE preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with a family.
Some adverbial clauses
Time
after, as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while, etc.
Place
anywhere, everywhere, whenever, where
Distance/frequency
as+ adverb + as
Manner
as, as if/ as though
Result
phrase + that,
so + adj + that,
so + adv + that,
such a(n) (+adj) + n
Purpose
in order that,
so that
Concession/ Contrast
although, even though, though
Strong contrast
whereas, while
Condition
as long as, if, provided/providing, unless, whether
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Zero
Structure
Present Simple + Present Simple
Usage
One thing always follows automatically from
another...
IF = WHEN
Eg: If the door bell rings, the dog barks.*
First
Structure
Present Simple +
Will-Infinitive
Usage
Open conditions; likely conditions in present and future
Eg: If it rains, the reception will take place indoors.
Second
Structure
Past Subjunctive + Would-Infinitive
Usage
Unlikely/Unreal conditions in present and future
Eg: If I had lots of money, I’d travel around the world.
Third
Structure
Past Perfect+
Would-perfect
Usage
Unlikely/Unreal conditions in past
Eg: If you’d taken the taxi, you’d have been here on time.
SPECIAL CASES OF
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Structures
If it were not for + N
*
Eg: If it were not for the weather, we’d have gone out hours ago.*
If it had not been for + N
*
Eg: If it had not been for Helen’s help, we’d never have got there on time.*
Without + N
Eg: Without her help, I would never have got where I wanted
.
But for + N
Eg: But for your help, we’d never have managed.
Inversions
Should
it rain, the reception will take place indoors.
Were
I to have lots of money, I’d travel around the world.
Had
you taken a taxi, you’d have been here on time.
Had
it not
been for
you, we’d never have got there on time.
Wishes
wish + to-infinitive
(likely)
wish + that-clause
(unlikely)
wish + would
Eg: I wish the noise next door would stop.
wish + past subjunctive
Eg: I wish I were taller.
wish + past perfect
Eg: I wish I had studied harder when I was a student.
NOTE
Eg: After I have written this book, I’m having a holiday.
(rather than I WRITE)
=> suggest that the action of writing the book will be completed before the holiday starts. It emphasizes the completion of the writing task as a prerequisite for the holiday.
NOTE
If he won’t do, there’s nothing we can do about it.
(=refusal)
If you will drive so fast, you must expect to have accidents.
(= insistence)
NOTE: The level of formality
Were + S + to
Had + S + V3
If + S + Had V3
NOTE
We
don't
say
wish + would
when we repeat the same subject in the sentence. If that's the case, we use
wish + could
Eg: I wish I could become an artist