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Realism: Crime and Deviance - Coggle Diagram
Realism: Crime and Deviance
Left Realism
The left Realism of Young and Lea came about as result of their victim survey of inner London - the Islington survey
Lea and young (1984) focus on the reality of crime for the working class (including victims of crime Crime caused by;
relative deprivation
marginalisation
subculture
solutions; a multi-agency approach, improved welfare, etc
Evaluation:
-Marxists argue that left realist offer a 'sticking plaster' and don't address the real root cause of crime (capitalism) also, argue they don't focus enough on corporate crime
Subculture:
is a a group's collective solution to the problem of relative deprivation
however, different groups may produce different subcultural solutions to this problem - some can be positive
criminal subcultures still subscribe to the values and goals of mainstream society such ass materialism and consumerism
Relative deprivation:
for Lea and young (1984), crime has it roots in deprivation
they identify how deprived someone feels in relation to others, or compared with their own expectations.
.
this can lead feel resentment that other unfairly have more than the and resort to crime to obtain what they feel they are
entitled to
the people who are better of they are now more aware of relative deprivation due to the media
Marginalisation:
marginalised groups lack both clear goals and organisations represents their interests
groups such as workers have clear goals and organisations that can put pressure on employers and politicians. as such, they have no need to resort to violence to achieve their goals
.
for example they can go on strike
by contrast, unemployed youths are marginalised. they have no organisation to reprsent them and no clear goals, just a sense of resentment and frustration
being powerless, to use political means to improve their position they express their frustration through criminal means such as violence
Right Realism
right realism comes from utilitarianism - this idea that people act to limit bad and maximise good and results
solution - increase the cost of crrime and deviance
deterring purpose from community crime from the first place
Factors that lead to crime:
number of young males
inadequate policing
rational choice cost/benefit
advocating very tough policing
right realism can be linked to Charles Murray
Evaluation:
zero tolerance: just targets working class crime
pushes crime deviance
-Marxism argue that this is all into capitalist ideology
new right - Charles Murray - Underclass (1989)
argues that inadequate socialisation can lead young people from the 'underclass' to develop a culture characterised by dependency, lack of discipline and criminality
argue that over-generous welfare creates a culture of dependency
argues that children raised by single mothers and lack of father figure are more likely to be involved in crime.
evaluation
questioning the existence of an 'under class'
countries with more welfare have lower crime rates
lack of evidence linking single-parenthood and criminality
The New Right - Murray and Herrnstein (1994)
argues that IQ is a significant predictor in criminality
Evaluation:
highly controversial and widely critised
criticism of methodology reliance know IQ
does not explain crimes of 'cognitive elite' or engage with other causses.
James Q Wilson (1975)
focuses on 'predatory street crime' being the result of rational calculations -people will commit crime if the likely benefits outweigh the likely costs.
crime can be reduced by creating a culture of order and acceptable behaviour
evaluation:
who decides what is acceptable behaviour?
focuses primarily street
Right realism - Wilson & Kelling (1982)
broken windows - idea that it is crucial to try and maintain the character of neighbourhoods to stop them 'tipping' into crime
link to functionalist idea of value consensus
influenced 'zero tolerance policing '
focuses on street crime
EV:
doesn't engage with concerns about policing
focuses on street crime
Wilson and Herrnstein (1995) - emphasise a biological element to criminality - that some are born with a predispositions to crime
in a tight nuclear family criminal tendencies may be surpassed
focus on the individual
ev: ignores the structural cause of crime such as inequality