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Grade 12 Physiology Test (1) - Coggle Diagram
Grade 12 Physiology Test (1)
Immune system
First line of defense: Skin
Blood clotting: Release of clotting factors, and the the act of thromborin(??)
Mucus, etc
Second line of defense
Phagocytes (a type of WBC) engulf pathogens
Some antibodies match the epitopes on the pathogens, and the lymphocytes with this antibody divide fast to produce plasma cells and memory B cells
When the same pathogen attacks again, memory B cells quickly produce plasma cells with that antibody.
Use: Put some antigens in the animal specimen and extract the thus produced antibodies for use. (Forgot the name)
Vaccines: Inject with non-harmful antigens and let the body produce antibodies against these antigens.
Liver
Lobules are the unit of liver mechanism
Blood enters the liver through hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein (the latter that is nutrient rich but deoxygenated).
Pseudopodia, epithelial layer, arterioles to __ to arterioles, large molecules like lipids and carbs can pass too.
Blood and bile go the opposite direction
Many rERs, sERs (for ???), lysosomes...
Liver cells have low growth rates
Iron is removed from the heme group of hemoglobin of used RBCs and reused for the production of new hemoglobins.
Kidney
Osmoregulation: Loop of Henle: Descending - only permeable to water. so very dilute // Ascending - only permeable to solutes, so even more dilute?
Ultrafiltration: Only the small nutrients: oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea, glucose, amino acids, ... are regulated
Kidneystones...?
If a kidney malfunctions and we want to transplant a kidney, we do that to a leg artery (good blood supply)
Blood system & Heart
Double circulation
Difference between artery, vein, and capillaries: Thickness, diameter, blood direction
HEART
EEG: P-wave WTS wave?
Systole, diastole, valves, pressure... what happens to the heart muscle during a pump of blood
Heart muscle is myogenic and the electricity runs through two parts but with a 0.1 sec difference due to the process of passing on the spark
Draw heart structure
Diseases: Hypertension, thrombosis, heart attack, cardiac arrest, stroke, ...
Measure blood pressure, measure bpm