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Liberal Multi-culturalism - Coggle Diagram
Liberal Multi-culturalism
identity politics: political stance that is influenced by a person's social identity (eg. race, sexuality, religion) as opposed to broad political parties
more recently, culture and ethnicity are the focus in identity politics
modern focus: equality and equity
inclusion in politics, equal treatment under law, equitable representation
multi-culturalism: heterogenous population of a nation-state
liberal multiculturalism: recognition of groups, and the protection of rights to support different cultural identities, consistent with a liberal society
Multi-cultural citizenship: book by Will Kymlicka (1995) discusses liberalism in relation to group rights.
seeks to explain why reconciling individual human rights and group rights is hard and argues why there must be individual and group rights
asserts that there are 2 kinds of ethnic minorities: national minorities (indigenous), and polyethnic minorities (immigrants and settlers)
understands 3 different kinds of group rights: self governing rights, poly-ethnic rights, and special representation rights
critical/ post-modern analysis of multiculturalism: more radical, seeks to see how western politics and practices are inherently eurocentric, and how it systemically "others" other cultures
liberal democracy: liberal democracies are multi-cultural, there is conflict between ethnic/ cultural groups over issues
critiques for traditional liberalism
assumes culturally/ socially homogenous population
individual rights only, does not consider group rights
majority rule: means that minority are oppressed, potential for segregation and assimilation
identity is separate to politics, when the "personal is the political"
The Politics of Recognition (1994): book by Charles Taylor that discusses the importance of recognition and how a part of active citizenship is the dialogical recognition of difference.
argues that liberal theories over-emphasise the importance of individual rights which creates a passive form of citizenship.
he asks what the individual is. the individual is formed dialogically we understand ourselves in relation to others.
the key to contemporary politics is being able to recognise our cultural differences and accomodating them
cultural minorities can only flourish if their cultural differences are recognised, accepted, and accomodated.
importance of post-modern identity politics
need to recognise difference among social groups (group rights)
nationalism / regionalism identity politics
indigenous self-determination
multi-culturalism in Canada
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism: goal to increase recognition of bilingualism in Canada. findings showed that francophones were second class citizens, anglophones had little opportunity to learn french, and canada was not bicultural but multicultural
created 2 policies to pursue bilingualism and support multiculturalism
bilingualism: official languages act (1960s) ensured that all citizens had access to services in their first language, facilitate bilingualism through french immersion
multiculturalism: official multiculturalism policy (1971) that focuses on programs and services to support ethnocultural organisations, raising awareness for the recongition of cultural difference/ ethnic mosaic, the notion of integrating ethnocultural organisations into social and economic mainstream
1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Act: understands that multiculturalism is a fundamental part of canadian society. its goals are: preserving culture, reducing racaial and ethnic discrimination, requires federal government legislation to acknowledge and be responsive to the multicultural reality of canadian society