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TOPIC 38. ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS AND COMMERCE -…

- - - - transparency: objectivity in the info
        
        impersonal structures: impersonality in exposition
        
        general planning
        
        scientific rigour
        
        clarity, concision and linguistic economy
      - EST need to be expressed in well-organised and logical linguistic structures:
        
        tense: present simple to describe a general or unchanging fact
        
        Passive constructions: break the link between the author of the txt and the action being described
        
        Predominant use of long sentences to illustrate the inner link among the scientific facts, to interpret scientific and technological terms and describe the technological process.
        
        Nominalisations of verbs, using a noun to refer to an action in order to indicate impersonality (as an aspect of objectivity). Nominalisations are present in the titles of research articles and studies.
    - - Description of physical structures with the purpose of a device and how its parts function and with processes and procedures
      - Definition: simple or complex which have special functions (operation)
      - Classification: easily divisible into manageable types, making the task easier.
      - Instructions: found in technical discourse (manuals). They're the rhetoric of telling sb what to do and how to do it to achieve a certain goal. They can be direct (imperative) or indirect (suggestions)
      - visual-verbal relationships: also covers the placement of the textual material (verbal) in relation to the visual. This affects both the kinds and amounts of info the text gives in respect to the illustration and the textual reference to the illustration as well.
    - - Prefixes and suffixes are many items of specialised vocabulary and derive from Greek and Latin (mono-, -meter)
      - Noun Compounds are characteristic of technical and scientific English. According to Lieber (2009), compounds are formed when +2 words are combined to create a new word with a specific meaning.
      - Vocabulary: terms with highest lexicability and a very specifical technical meaning, sub-technical vocabulary (terms from general English that change their meaning in technical discourse), words from English common core that designate technical concepts or that are frequently found in technical English associated with specific terms forming noun compounds or that join and form noun compounds designating technical concepts thus being used only in specific contexts from which they take their meaning
- - - - contractions: avoided
      - shorter and to-the-point sentences
    - - being brief, clear and specific with the purpose of getting a point across quickly and efficiently, without wasting time or beating around the bush
      - difference between spoken and written language, being spoken + informal due to contractions and colloquialisms, thus shorter and simpler, with less complex words.
      - (non)verbal communication in different cultures, techniques that vary from culture to culture, so it's important to be aware of these differences to avoid misunderstandings.
    - - use of specific jargon and technical terms
      - slang and colloquialisms are avoided