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Global Governance migration - 2.2.. - Coggle Diagram
Global Governance migration - 2.2..
2.2.1 - Globalisation, migration & a shrinking world
Globalisation
Social globalisation
International immigration has created extensive family networks that cross national borders - world city, societies become multi-ethnic and pluralistic
Global improvements in education and health can be seen over time, with rising world life expectancy and literacy levels. although the changes are by no means uniform or universal
Social interconnectivity has grown over time thanks to the spread of 'universal' connections such as mobile phones, the internet and e-mail
Cultural globalisation
'Successful' Western cultural traits come to dominate in some territories e.g. Americanisation' or 'McDonaldisation' of tastes and fasion
Globalisation and hybridisation are a more complex outcome that takes place as old local cultures merge with globalising influences
The circulation of ideas and information has accelerated thanks to 24-hour reporting, people also keep in touch using virtual spaces like Facebook and Twitter
Economic globalisation
The growth of multinational corporations (MNC's) accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw material, components, finished manaufacured goods, shares, investments and purchasing
Information and communications technology supports the growth of complex, spatial divisions of labour for firms and a more international economy
Online purchasing from individual and multinational shops
Political globalisation
The growth of trading blocs - EU, NAFTA allows MNC's to merge and make acquisitions of firms in neighbouring countries, while reduced trade restrictions and tariffs help markets to grow
Global governance concerns such as free trade, credit crunch and the global response to natural disasters
The World Bank, the IMF and the WTO work internationally to harmonise national economies
Idea of 'Hyperconnected' - the extent to which the connectivity between state and systems is very high
Migration
Permanent, Temporary, Forced, Short/Long term
Economic migrants
A person who leaves their country of origin purely for economic reasons that are not in any way related to the refugee definition, in order to seek material improvements in their livelihood.
Refugees
Forced due to conflict, political or religious persecution or natural disaster
asylum seeker
a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country, but who hasn't yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim. Seeking asylum is a human right.
Shrinking world
Advancement of Technology, expanding the connectivity of the world
Accessibility, transport has improved
Key driver of global migration is the improvements in speed and capacity of transport, information and communications
Peoples perception of space has changed, long distances have become less of an obstacle
Periphery
Semi-Periphery
EE's
80 Countries currently developing at higher rates of economic growth, due to rapid factory expansion and industrialisation. World Bank recognises them as middle income
Global Core
HIC's
80 countries classified as having higher than average incomes of $12,736 or above. These countries have created post-industrial economies in tertiary and quaternary industries to boost their economy and modernise the countries wealth.
Global Periphery
LIC's or LIDC (developing)
Around 30 countries are recognised by the World Bank as having low average incomes (GNI per Capita) of $1,045 or below - they tend to depend on agriculture
Outer & Inner Periphery
2.2.5 - Causes, consequences & management of rural to urban migration in developing countries
2.2.3 - Consequences & management of international economic migration
Freedom of Movement in the Eu
Legislation permitting Residents of any EU nation to be able to move or transfer to another nation for work
Western Europe provides a high-working economy and various job opportunities
The Mercosur Residency Agreement - South America
Any members of the Mercosur can temporarily live in another host country for 2 years, until they have to decide to be a permanent resident, enabling job offers and economic boost
Implemented in 2009 to promote intercontinental communication and corporation
Global Hubs
Settlement or wider region that provides a focal point for activities for global infulences
Usually, major cities are global hubs, providing a wide diversity of culture and buisesses
Global Superpowers
Soft power
Hard power
Global superpowers have high global influences and power over less modern or less developed countries
Countries want high-skilled migrants, that will be effective within the economy
E.g. Silicon Valley San Francisco
Key terms
Brain Gain
An increase in the number of highly-skilled foreign-born professional entering the country, where greater opportunities are offered
Brain Drain
The emigration of highly trained or qualified professionals from a particular country
Destination
The final country for the migrants, or the 'host country'
Remittances
The action of sending money back to the source country by migrants
Source
The country of origin of migrants
Consequences
Countries losing people to migration have less consumption, fewer footfalls and decrease in urban density
Aging population - younger generations 18-24 are more likely to migrate for academic purposes or a career
Increase % of migrant families
Demand for schools increases
Housing demand rises
Japan
Has very strict migration policies
Wants to maintain a balanced age population, doesn't intend to lose its young entrepreneurs to Europe or The US
Dependent on economic growth of tertiary, quaternary industries
Interdependency - means that what happens in one place increasingly has impacts on other places
Social interdependence
Large Indian diaspora population in the UK as doctors and nurses - interconnectedness with India, family networks and economic networks
Economic interdependence
Globalisation - people working abroad and migrating
230 million working abroad that in a host country
UK - Poland - Outer periphery of EU periphery, economic cores
Political interdependence :
Same global supply chains and interlinked economics prevent political and physical conflict
Countries have greater things in common, therefore, collaborating is easier
Environmental interdependence
'Global Commons' like Oceans - that everyone needs for survival, has to be negotiated upon.
Asian Siamese Rosewood - SE China emerging middle class
Forest loss may become reversible at the current rates
2.2.2 - Causes of international economic migration
Primary Commodity Prices
unprocessed food,timber,minerals & energy resources
Overproduction - prices fall - income reduced - less investment - SPEED issues
Instability, Sustainability, Dependency, Economy
Trade Blocs
Trading partnerships between different countries within a Union or organisation e.g. UN or EU
WTO - World trade organisation, aims to reduce unfair trade barriers and government subsides globally.
Import & Exports
Import tariffs, tax places on good bought into the country to make greater profits
Poverty & extreme poverty
Bangladesh
Population of 170 million
6.6 million in extreme poverty
DRC
Population 95 million
68 million in extreme poverty
Sierra Leone
Population of 8.4 million
3.1 million in extreme poverty
Kenya
Population 53 million
9 million in extreme poverty
Principle - Diaspora
The worldwide dispersion or spread of people (economic migrants in this case) from their original homeland
Many economics migrants leave their place of origin for the better opportunities of wealth or simply for better pay than they receive in their home nation. Indian Doctors for example. These EM's remit money back to their families at their original homes to gain financial support
Post-colonial movement
Former British, French... colonies like India, Africa, go to the colonising nations as their economy is greater and offers greater opportunities for wealth
Indian Doctors & Pakistan shop keepers
Indian Doctors
Indian Doctors receive similar healthcare education to UK doctors, therefore, they can collaborate and work systematically together, the transition from Indian Hospital to UK isn't major
Over 30% of Junior Doctors are not British
Pakistan Shop Keepers
Opportunity to maintain a stable job, which is safe and receives decent wages
Drivers & impacts of economic migrants Polish migrants in the UK
The UK has a world known thriving economy that attracts thousands of migrants every year. Wages are twice as high some other countries, and job opportunities in various occupations are common
Places like London & Birmingham have a very diverse culture, therefore, migrants may feel some connection and safety
Polish students at English Universities has tripled since 2004
Net migration - more people have arrived in the UK than have left
Push & Pull factors
Employment rates
Wages & cost
Inflation
Political indecisions
Services on offer (healthcare)
Diversity of culture
Commonwealth ties between nations and their people
2.2.4 - Causes, consequences & management of refugee movement
Refugee
A refugee flees their country from fear or persecution or conflict, it's a forced movement, and they are automatically recognised as a refugee seeking safety and protection elsewhere
Asylum Seeker
A person who has left their country seeking protection from persecution in their home country, but who hasn't yet been recognised legally as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim
IDP
Internally displaced person
Someone that is forced to flee their home but remains within their countries borders
Stateless Persons - Don't come under the membership of any state or country, with no legal visa or passage, someone who is not recognised by the state or country as a person from somewhere
Deportation
The forcible removal of an indicual from a country
Repatriation
The return of an induvial to their won country
Geopolitical conflict & tension within the middle east
The major concerning issue of refugees searching for safety - Moving from the Middle East to Turkey, to attempt to get into the EU. Within the Eu is safety from conflict, and a supranational Union has influence over it's countries
Syrian War
over 500,000 deaths
Political instability in the government, rebel groups and terrorism
Land grabbing issues, claims over territory with no jurisdiction or agreements
Coalitions between external and internal nations to deal with conflict issues and refugee crisis
5 million refugees have fled out of syria, 6 million IDP's
United Nation intervention during the Syrian War 2004 - peacekeeprs & management of refugees in Turkey and Israel