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PAPER THREE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - legal supplements to maximise performance and training in sport
      - illegal drugs and blood doping result in dramatic improvements in performance and aids recovery
      - implications on sport
        
        severe dangers to health and well - being
        
        can't retain or attract sponsors
        
        the popularity of the sport may dimish
        
        supporters are under pressure to clean up their act
      - implications on punsishment
        
        banned for four years if found guilty
        
        stripped of achievements and whole nations can be banned
  - - - frustration aggression hypothesis that states that frustration always leads to aggression - poor officiating or poor playing
      - social learning theory: aggressive behaviour is imitated by a player who wants emulate an aggressive role model
    - - often referred to as hooliganism which usually occurs due to the consumption of alcohol
      - violent behaviour on the pitch can stimulate behaviour from the spectators
      - mob mentatility can have an effect in stimulating violent behaviour - deindividulisation = when you lose sense of being an individual
      - rivalries between individuals and teams
      - influence of social mdia
    - - violence society and behaviour within sport is influenced by society norms and values via socailisation
      - some spectators relish the idea of violence in spectacle before them and that it is part of the entertainment
      - laws aim to control and protect individuals
    - - educate to avoid violence and control emotions/levels of stress
      - performers should be aware that their behaviour is copied by spectators
      - the fair play philosophy should be premoted to performers so they can see the value of being non-violent while partciapting
      - violence should be dealth with at the time
      - governing organisation can impose further punishments
- - - - replaced all previous legislations
      - the individual needs are not just academic and education should focus on the development of all aspects of the community
    - - grammar schools: created essentially for those who were interested in pursuing their studies beyond O levels. pupils came through the selective process of the 11 + examination and therefore these schools had the most academically gifted and most pupils entered University after
      - secondary modern schools: four year course resulting in a School Leaving Certificate. course offered English, language, humanities, maths and science and domestic subjects - pupils entered straight in the workplace
      - secondary technical school: was less popular alternatives to the secondary modern school. those who failed the 11+ went tp a modern school but could gain a place at a STS
- - - - the railways allowed teams to play a wider range od oppents leading to tournaments and leagues
  - - - believed that sports would help the character os boys whilst giving them a distraction to exert their energy towards
      - they kept a code of behaviour when participating in sport creating a sense of FairPlay and sporting behaviour
    - - putting maximal physical effort whilst adhering to the ethics of the game and playing sportingly
      - encouraged the concept of sportsmanship
    - - occurred when public schoolboys left for universities, which led to the different games and rules brought by a number of different students being adapted to form more structured games
      - those who went to work as masters continued to encourage sports
      - moved on to forming sporting national governing bodies giving the sports more structure and regulations
      - was spread across the British Empire through a variety of careers including army officers
- - - - personal excellence
      - sport as education
      - cultural exchange
      - mass participation
      - fair play
      - International understanding
    - - The international Olympic committee is the supreme authority of the Olympic movement
      - acts as a catalyst between all parites
    - - The British Olympic Association is the National Olympic Committee for Great Britain and Northern Ireland
      - one of 205 NOCs currently recognised by the IOC
      - GB is only one of five countries to have been represented at each Olympic Games and has played host three times
      - prepares athletes and seeks to develop, promote and protect the Olympic movement within the UK
      - independent and privately funded and receives no annual funding
    - - first was in Rome 1960
  - - - Olympics has been used to make political points due to the extensive global publicity
      - the IOC has aimed to separate sport from politics
      - political events have often overshadowed the sporting achievements of athletes
      - the anti Jewish poster abundant around Germany disappeared before the Games started
    - - occurred when Hitler was in power, took the chance to use the Games to endorse the Nazi ideology
      - a number of nations debated if they should boycott but their plans were unsuccessful
    - - a top long jumper and a stereotype of the Aryan racial superiority
    - - Black US sprinter who won four gold medals embarrassing Hitler and the Aryan supremacy he was trying to premote
      - Seven African - American athletics athletes won gold medals but Hitler refused to hang them around their neck
  - - - a range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation
      - existed in South Africa from 1948-1994
      - non-white South Africans were forced to live in separate areas from whites and use different public facilities and contact between the two groups was limited by law
    - - all African American athletes were urged to boycott the Games but never materialised
      - African American athletes protested to the world when two Black athletes used the medal ceremony for the 200m sprint to protest about the lack of civil rights in the USA
        
        they were called Smith and Carlos Silver and used black gloves and socks with no shoes to represent black poverty in America
        
        both athletes told to leave the games but they succeeded in putting global spotlight on the plight of black americans
  - - - made a contriversial decision that the games should go on
      - Olympic flags were half flown, memorial and postponed for one day
    - - the broken relationship between the USSR and capitalist NATO allies
      - controversy in basketball - with one second left on the clock the Soviets called time out and the clock was reset to three seconds so when the Soviets scored the clock restarted and the Soviets won
      - it was agreed that the additional three seconds should not have been added but the Soviets were allowed to keep their medal
  - - - led by the USA after the USSR invaded Afganistan
      - in Britain there was a divide between sports on whether GB should boycott or not
      - in the end the hockey, fencing and equestrian teams chose to boycott
      - 6000 competitors compared to the 10,000 expected
    - - was the first British athlete to win gold in Moscow
      - he defied his government to travel to Moscow, there was no union flag or god save the queen
  - - - authorities blamed the commercialisation of the Games and the lack of security measures
      - accused the USA of using the Games for political purposes
    - - first Olympics in which female runners were permitted to compete in the marathon
      - funded exclusively through private means
      - first games to make a significant profit
        
        the games were marketed and produced primarily as a vehicle for mass televised entertainment
  - - - the event raises the profile of sports and may lead to more participation
      - new upgraded sporting venues leading a positive legacy
      - can focus attention on minority sports
      - increase in funding for sports involved
      - events would bring increase in sponsorship and commercial income for individual participants as well as governing bodies
      - negative
        
        facilites end up not being used
        
        participation comes in bursts
        
        less known sports can become underfunded
        
        sports deviance is more likely to be highlighted via media and global events
    - - positives
        
        more money brought into the city or country, which can be used for the local population and to support public services
        
        global events can give pride to the host nation or city within the population
        
        improved use of sports facilities by local communities
        
        improved transport systems
        
        accommodation and other facilities built for the event can be used by community
      - negaitves
        
        some areas don't get the same benefits as the host city
        
        local inhabitants may have to vacate land being used for sport venues
    - - an increase in income to the country involved leads to a positive economic impacts
      - more jobs created
      - increase in tourism
      - negatives
        
        can be very expensive
        
        can cause significant amounts of debt
        
        many jobs are temporary
    - - Positives
        
        political leaders and parties can take credit and therefore gain more voted
        
        can bring unity to a country and a sense of purpose with political differences put aside
        
        raise a counties status
      - negatives
        
        if host nations perform badly it can reflect badly
        
        negative environmental impacts can result in a decrease in popularity for ruling politician
        
        protests by athletes and spectators