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Cognitive theories - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Theological naturalist
      - We use our reason and observation to access facts about what's moral and immoral
      - Goodness comes from the will of God
      - Moral values can be worked out by understanding our God-given purpose as the world has a God-given order built into it
      - Moral values are understood through this
    - - Naturalist
      - Morality rests on certain facts about ourselves, goals and place in society
      - To be moral is to live in accordance with the moral tradition of ones country
      - To be a good person we must know our station/duty
      - Doing wrong is to go against this role
      - Good in society is about hard work and obedience
      - PHILIPPA FOOT
        
        Defends ethical naturalism
        
        We can observe morality when we view behaviour
        
        We call someone ‘good’ because of our observations
        
        We can see excellence in the moral character of people
        
        Example of oak tree: evaluating its roots
  - - - Morality is not empirically observable
      - David Hume, moral judgements come from perceptions and arise from the human mind; they're not facts that exist by themselves
      - Empiricists criticise that right and wrong cannot be experienced with senses
- - - - A ‘mistaken belief’ based on unsound arguments
      - G.E. Moore, to explain good in terms of natural properties such as pleasure is to commit the naturalistic fallacy
      - Thought that good cannot be equated with something else, it is not the same
      - If we say something is good because it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number were defining good as something else- maximal happiness
  - - - Deontologist: It's obvious certain types of actions prima facie duties (duties at first sight) were right
      - He said we would recognise 7 classes of prima facie duties
      - Duties of fidelity (promises)
      - Reparation (amending wrongdoings)
      - Gratitude (thankful)
      - Justice (equal allocation of reward/punishment)
      - Beneficence (helping others)
      - Self-improvement
      - Non-maleficence (not harming others)
  - - - How can we be sure our intuitions are correct?
        Everyone's different & affected by environment, religion
      - Whose intuition is right?
      - Are they all right as they come from social control or differences in cultures?