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Non-cognitive theories - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stated there are only two types of meaningful statements
      - 1. Analytic statements: Statements which are necessarily true of themselves - true by definition
      - 2. Synthetic statements: Statements which can be proven true of false by providing evidence
      - e.g. the king is happy
      - e.g. the king is male
    - - Ethical statements are neither true of themselves nor verifiable by evidence
      - So are expressions of emotion
      - = emotivism/’boo-hurrah’ theory
      - Ethical language evokes feelings/ a personal interpretation
      - Making ethical statements subjective
      - ALASDAIR MACINTYRE
        
        Not satisfied with emotivism
        
        Questions ‘emotive meaning’ as it's not so much where they’re factual/descriptive but their importance to people around them
        
        Emotivists do not distinguish between statements that change significance when used differently
        
        To say your house is on fire means something very different if you hear the news on holiday or if it's shouted when you're in the house
        
        One contains a different demand/ cause of action than the other
  - - - Attempted to add detail to Ayer
      - Believed moral terms are both emotive and descriptive
      - In a moral statement we are expressing what we feel about something
      - But we also try to influence others
      - They can also reflect our experiences and hopes of the world
      - MACINTYRE
        
        Argues Stevenson paints an unpleasant world in which everyone is trying to get ahead of everyone else by imposing their views on others
        
        Stevenson doesn’t explain how moral views are formed in the first place
        
        According to Macintyre, emotivism is unclear and doesn’t help to distinguish between moral feelings/attitudes and other ones that we might have