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Literature Review Liminality, Victor Turner "Betwixt and between: the…
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Irene Gedalof "Birth, belonging and migrant mothers: narratives of reproduction in feminist migration studies"
Migrant motherhood is not "juggling between two worlds" and cultures, which places motherhood as being trying to negotiate the space between, when it is also reinventing these spaces.
She critiques migration studies' emphasis on migration as a dynamic process, but ignoring the gendered perspective of migration, and feminist study on motherhood which describes motherhood as a process of reproduction. Irene Gedalof sees transnational mother as those producing cultures and belonging.
"The 'juggling between two worlds' model fails to make this link, because it has an unintended effect of reifying each of the two worlds in question, displacing the dynamic work of reinvention into a 'space between' rather than looking for that dynamism within the work of reproduction and motherhood itself" (88).
She's in discussion with Ruba Salih, whose work on Moroccan women in Italy uses Anthony Giddens' concept of 'structuration,' which helps Salih theorize the negotiation as juggling between 2 worlds. Irene Gedalof argues that this framework fails in her study group of African women in Britain, because her group is showing that this process of negotiation is "a dynamic entanglement of repetition and innovation" (88).
Gedalof's idea of repetition and innovation is seen in the ways food is prepared in the Fujianese migrant's household and how traditional holidays are celebrated. It becomes important in the ways education is valued and enforced among the kids by the parents. It also becomes evident in the ways childrearing at the restaurant is also practiced. And how yuzi is practiced postpartum.
"spontaneous, immediate, concrete nature of communitas, as opposed to the norm-governed, institutionalized, abstract nature of social structure" (127)
"Communitas is not solely the product of biologically inherited drives released from cultural constraints. Rather is it the product of peculiarly human faculties, which include rationality, volition, and memory, and which develop with experience of life in society" (128)
"Communitas breaks in through the interstices of structure, in liminality; at the edges of structure, in marginality'; and from beneath structure, in inferiority. It is almost everywhere held to be sacred or 'holy,' possibly because it transgresses or dissolves the norms that govern structured and institutionalized relationships and is accompanied by experiences of unprecedented potency" (128).
"The notion that there is a generic bond between men, and its related sentiment of 'humankindness,' are not epiphenomena of some kind of herd instinct but are products of 'men in their wholeness wholly attending.'" (128)
Ruba Salih "Moroccan migrant women: Transnationalism, nation-states and gender"
"Moroccan women construct a 'home' which included Italy and Morocco, since both these contexts provide them with complementary symbolic and material resources" (656).
"The focus on migrant women highlights a specific type of embeddedness within nation-states' hegemony" (656).
Traveling between Italy and Morocco in the summer is important to Moroccan women for their navigation between two country, national identities and cultures. The things they purchase and bring back to Morocco becomes something that solidify their status as international migrants.
This recalls Fujianese women and their purchase before traveling back to China, but also their purchase in China (food and condiments) that allow them to negotiate their culture and belonging as Chinese in the US.
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Alkhaled et al. "Syrian Women Refugees: Coping with indeterminant liminality during forcible displacement"
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- transitional liminality: a set time for transition state
- perpetual liminality: liminal period becomes indefinite amount of time. "A state in which the temporal and transitional periods have become institutionalised and where the state of social limbo has become indefinite and the 3 sequenced phases of the the rites of passage have become frozen" (1586).
- Indeterminate liminality: structurally imposed liminality on a certain group of people that liminal period can be indefinite amount of time and people struggle with uncertainity
Ybema, Beech and Ellis - "Transistional and perpetual liminality: an identity practice perspective" This may not be a useful article unless we are asking questions about identity
This article looks at liminal identities and how people who are between 2 identities and how they navigate between these difficult and conflicting situations.
Johnson and Sørensen - "It's capitalism on coke!: From temporary to permanent liminality in organization studies"
Looking at literature from Turner and Szakolczai 2000, the authors suggest that despite liminality commonly being conceptualized as a temporary condition with specific space and time period, there are "institutionalized state" of liminality, where the liminal state and condition can become institutionalized and become the new "normal" condition.
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