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Cancer / Tumour development - Coggle Diagram
Cancer / Tumour development
Tumour
neoplasia= new growth
due to genetic alteration & deregulation of growth control mechanisms
persists after stimulus removed
may be inherited
abnormal tissue mass from autonomous disordered growth
progressive, purposeless & parasitic
cancer= malignant neoplasm
anaplastic neoplasm= very poorly differentiated neoplasm
Features of neoplastic cells
tumorgenicity
tumours grow in immunosuppressed animals
immortality
indefinite replication & grown as cell lines
transformed phenotype
no growth factors, colonies, reduced cohesiveness, altered surface antigens, haphazard growth, no normal cell orientation
Carcinogenesis
metaplasia (changed cell type)
hyperplasia & hypertrophy
dysplasia (disordered development)
normal cell (basal nuclei)
neoplasia (large nuclei, irregular shape/sizes, mitotic figures)
Tumour types
benign ('oma')
local effect pain
no invasion
well differentiated
no metastasis
localised growth
well circumscribed/ encapsulated
slow growing
exophytic (growth out)
malignant ('sarcoma')
fast growing & aggressive
poorly circumscribed
metastasis
poor differentiation
INVASION
local symptoms & site symptoms
endophytic (growth in)
many mitoses
Tumour shapes
benign
polypoid, papillary, sessile
malignant
annular, fungated, ulcerated
Malignant neoplasms
carcinoma
through lymph
common
epithelial
in situ phase
sarcoma
rare
through blood
mesenchymal/ connective tissue
no in situ phase
Prognosis
site
response to treatment
stage & grade of neoplasm
patient's age
Prognostic tumour staging
TNM
tumour, nodes, metastasis
Breslow's thickness
in malignant melanoma
Duke's staging
A, B, & C
Classification of carcinomas
carcinoma in situ
invasive carcinoma
intraepithelial neoplasia (mild, moderate & severe dysplasia)