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Liberalism, Media/ Journalism/ News, Social Norms, an example of a…

- - - - Globalisation: globalization refers to the economic, social, cultural, and political processes of integration that result from the expansion of transnational economic production, migration, communications, and technologies.
        
        Economic Globalisation
        
        Economic globalisation is fueled by
        
        benefitted people mostly of
        
        People of higher soocioeconomic status
        
        Political Globalisation: changes in the exercise of political power that have resulted from increased transnational engagement.
        
        Political globalization helps resist the inequalities created by
        
        Westernisation (transmission and reception of European ideas, technology, lifestyles and institutions throughout the globe) -
        
        a monoculture of conformity
        
        via
        
        unites Americans (and the rest of the world) to Westernisation
        via
- - - - can be a problem for some at the lower socioeconomic status since there are differences in
        
        Equality of opportunity
      - Consumerism
    - - Industral Revolution
        
        • In his 1968 book Christianity and Marxism, Alisdair MacIntyre posits that a capitalist society engages a full pedagogical machinery to manufacture moral bodies that are capable of succeeding within capitalism.
    - - Class
- - - - Ethnic
      - Religious
      - Economic
      - Social
      - Racial
      - Cultural
- - - - also the human desire to make... on others
        
        Assumptions
        
        they could... at earlier stage
        
        Protection
        
        However
        
        The scientific principle of parsimony stipulates that the simplest explanation usually is the most likely (in this case, a technological malfunction), yet people’s natural response is to assume the worst, and little is worse than a coordinated attack by an enemy conspiracy.
        
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- - - - the concentration of ownership of media companies into the hands of a few incredibly powerful people (e.g rupert murdoch).
        • ● media as a mouthpiece for the state (e.g china, north korea). Totalitarian regimes control media all the way to social media .
        
        Democracy is staged and media acts as propaganda to send their messages into you.
        Media exists to sustain and protect power -> makes media propaganda channels of dictatoriships. It no longer acts as a vital check on power and a source of reliable information.
        
        Media can't be a check on power since the very system is basde on complicity.Governments, corporations and big institutions know how to influence the news narrative. They make themselves crucial to the process of journalism, so those in power and those reporting on power are embed with each other.
        
        When whistleblowers or someone who strays aways from the consensus, they get flack. When it's inconvienent for them, they will divert the story, discredit sources, trashing stories.
        
        To manufacture consent, you need a common enemy. E.g. communism, terrorists, immigrants. A common enemy helps crowd public opinion.
- - - - Negative bias
        
        because we see it as
        
        Realism
        
        NOT ADDED AS FLASHCARD
        We’ve become so afraid of false praise/ praising something that is not worth of praise that we don’t know how to say we love something.
- - - - Autonomy
- - - - Holding meritocracy as a core value is a problem since it creates an illusion that the individual is just and thus less likely to examine their own behaviour for signs of prejudice.
    - - Meritocracy is a false and not very salutary belief. As with any ideology, part of its draw is that it justifies the status quo, explaining why people belong where they happen to be in the social order. It is a well-established psychological principle that people prefer to believe that the world is just.
    - - personal success is the result of ‘luck’ can be insulting. To acknowledge the influence of external factors seems to downplay or deny the existence of individual merit.
    - - Waste
        
        It was only with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, and its massive stimulation of production, that the material byproducts of extraction and manufacturing began to accumulate in mountainous heaps. The modern idea of waste, then, is only 250 years old.
        
        Waste is deliberately generated as the very metabolism behind economic growth
        
        Post-consumer and pre-consumer waste (more prevalent in producing electronics)
- - - - Selective Exposure to content
        
        which is the primary driver of
        
        Content diffusion (aka how information moves around in social media)
        
        generates the formation of homogeneous clusters aka
        
        Echo chambers
        
        which can amplify
        
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        The digital age has led to the absence of conversation surrounding class because we all just see people of similar classes to us and we can ignore classes that aren’t -> echo chamber.
        
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    - - Social media reduces all information to just content, the only thing that distinguishes them as content is the extent to which they can circulate. The value of content is insofar to its ability to circulate.
    - - Virtue Signalling: When user attempt to aestheticise themselves via designating their belief in certain political ideas, they erode the foundations of the importance with which many of these issues need to be regarded.
    - - Happiness
        
        INSIGHT: This imperative to avoid being – even appearing – unhappy has led to a culture that rewards a performative happiness, in which people curate public-facing lives composed of a string of ‘peak experiences’ – and nothing else.
        
        Epicurean outlook of happiness
        
        EXAMPLE: As Epicurus saw it, happiness is merely the lack of aponia – physical pain – and ataraxia – mental disturbance. It was not about the pursuit of material gain, or notching up gratifying experiences, but instead was a happiness that lent itself to a constant gratefulness. So long as we are not in mental or physical pain, we can, within this understanding of happiness, be contented.
        
        Conclusion: We should be satisfied with the entire human experience and the range of emotions that are associated with it.
    - - Licking the dopamine lollipop
        
        Isn't it odd that only two groups - drug dealers and social media dealers refer to their target audience as "users"
        
        Addiction
        
        Suffering (Task B)
- - - - When the dominant culture doesn't integrate minorities
    - - preferences for conformity to social norms are conditional on “empirical expectations” (i.e., first-order beliefs that a certain behavior will be followed) as well as “normative expectations” (i.e., second-order beliefs that a certain behavior ought to be followed). Thus, norm compliance results from the joint presence of a conditional preference for conformity and the belief that other people will conform as well as approve of conformity.
        
        is manifested through
        
        Gender
        
        Gender is performed. Our identity congeals and sediments over time due to cultural frameworks and grand narratives that regulate sexuality and behaviour in mundane and often socially invisible ways.
        
        a box that fits into the social norms of society
        
        Personality
    - - Post-Truth Era
        
        It is now
        
        The politics of sincerity.
        
        this is caused by a loss of the
        
        Inner Life
        
        sincerity is no longer defined by conformity. Sincerity rather presupposes the elimination of an inner life, the same inner life required for generating either authenticity or conformity. With the disappearance of inner life, one of the traditional hiding places of truth has also ceased to exist.
        The disappearance of an inner life, in one sense, fits well in a world dominated by media and spectacle. It also suggests, in another sense, a capitalist order no longer structured by distinctions between owners and workers, capital and labour, commodities and things. In a fully visible economy where nothing escapes the logic of commodities, inwardness and opacity signal something unavailable for commodification. They can only pose a threat and, if not, can only have become redundant.
        
        NEED TO PUT IN RIGHT PLACE BUT PATHWAY NEEDS TO BE MORE FILLED.The truth, or falsehood, of a claim is less important than the sincerity with which a claim is made.
- - - - Ideolgical thinking -> insists upon a ‘truer reality’, that is concealed behind the world of perceptible things
        
        Isolation
        
        Loss of
        
        Freedom of thought
        
        replaced by
        
        Singular current ideological thought
        
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      - WHY LONELINESS EXISTS: The contemporary notion of loneliness stems from cultural and economic transformations that have taken place in the modern West. Industrialisation, the growth of the consumer economy, the declining influence of religion and the popularity of evolutionary biology all served to emphasise that the individual was what mattered – not traditional, paternalistic visions of a society in which everyone had a place.
      - CARL JUNG EXAMPLE: In the 20th century, the new sciences of the mind – especially psychiatry and psychology – took centre-stage in defining the healthy and unhealthy emotions an individual should experience. Carl Jung was the first to identify ‘introvert’ and ‘extravert’ personalities (to use the original spelling) in his Psychological Types (1921). Introversion became associated with neuroticism and loneliness, while extroversion was linked to sociability, gregariousness and self-reliance. In the US, these ideas took on special significance as they were linked to individual qualities associated with self-improvement, independence and the go-getting American dream.
    - - Fame/Celebrities
        
        The group is now turning inward, and everyone believes the same thing, so thus it’s harder for people to be famous for everyone.
        
        Celebrity distinguishes itself from other forms of public approbation because it centres on the individual personality. In their seemingly immortal perfection, celebrities offer us escape from the mundane, they entertain us, they give us pleasure or help us express our pain. In their all-too-human imperfection, they reassure us about our own shortcomings, foster a sense of belonging, and remind us that struggle is simply a condition of the human experience. Celebrities reflect our personhood – they show us who we are. But they also charm us with illusion, showing us whom we want to be.
        
        Authenticity + fame is paradoxical with each other because once you shed the authentic self behind the celebrity, the more you remove the stardom of the celebrity.
- - - - since the environment is
        
        There is a sense of hypocrisy when it comes to productivity in the workforce as it has transformed into a place to keep people happy rather than to actually resolve issues,
- - - - Socialism
- - - - the algorithmic nature of social media leads to
        
        Selective Exposure to content
        
        which is the primary driver of
        
        Content diffusion (aka how information moves around in social media)
        
        generates the formation of homogeneous clusters aka
        
        Echo chambers
        
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      - has created an environment that strives for
        
        Happiness
        
        but WHY?
        
        INSIGHT: This imperative to avoid being – even appearing – unhappy has led to a culture that rewards a performative happiness, in which people curate public-facing lives composed of a string of ‘peak experiences’ – and nothing else.
        
        Conclusion: We should be satisfied with the entire human experience and the range of emotions that are associated with it.
      - Social media has created an environment that lacks truth since its business model is based on engagement so truth-dilating content or content that is more click baiting is what will lead to customers having more engagement. But the problem is structural, should they try to make money or try to make truth? They can't do both.
      - Is the technological manifestation of transformations in the West
        
        WHY LONELINESS EXISTS:
        The contemporary notion of loneliness stems from cultural and economic transformations that have taken place in the modern West. Industrialisation, the growth of the consumer economy, the declining influence of religion and the popularity of evolutionary biology all served to emphasise that the individual was what mattered – not traditional, paternalistic visions of a society in which everyone had a place
        
        Loneliness/ Solitude
        
        Ideolgical thinking -> insists upon a ‘truer reality’, that is concealed behind the world of perceptible things
        
        Isolation
        
        Loss of
        
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        QUOTES:
        ‘God, but life is loneliness,’ declared the writer Sylvia Plath
        
        IMPORTANT PHRASES
        ‘individualism’ was first used (and was a pejorative term) in the 1830s,
      - Gives us an illusion of
        
        Control
        
        which is problematic since it's like a slot machine. E.g. infinite scrolling at the top of social media apps to give you a sense of you being in control.
        Social media/technology is designed in a way to make you more addicted to it.
        
        The things that make us more addicted are more threatening in the post-modern age since they are now things we carry on us and not things we go to.
        Therefore there's less external factors that stop you from stopping those behaviours as they now exist within your home.
      - Post-modern manifestation of one's medium of speaking
        
        which can be problematic since there's
        
        Cancel culture
        
        leading to
        
        Due to the popularity of social media apps and the monopolies they are in, cancelling someone's social media account is almost like cancelling their freedom of speech because no other platform can compete.
        
        Monopolies controlling speech is a problem. Billion dollar private companies owning freedom of speech is a problem. These companies almost becomes as powerful if not more powerful than the government.
        
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    - - Influence/Conformity
        
        Norm compliance
        
        SOMETHING NEW HERE!! preferences for conformity to social norms are conditional on “empirical expectations” (i.e., first-order beliefs that a certain behavior will be followed) as well as “normative expectations” (i.e., second-order beliefs that a certain behavior ought to be followed). Thus, norm compliance results from the joint presence of a conditional preference for conformity and the belief that other people will conform as well as approve of conformity.
        
        is manifested through
        
        Gender
        
        Gender is performed. Our identity congeals and sediments over time due to cultural frameworks and grand narratives that regulate sexuality and behaviour in mundane and often socially invisible ways.
        
        a box that fits into the social norms of society
        
        Personality
        
        we are living in a
        
        Post-Truth Era: "I'm the expert"
        
        our brain is trying to reduce energy expenditure so in order to do that, we follow
        
        Social/cultural norms
        
        this is a problem as
        
        We need to be skeptical about norms since they can exist for a very long time not because they are true but because no one questions them.
        
        Humans are bad at
        
        Group consensus
        
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        an example being
        
        Civility
        
        causing a problem which is that
        
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    - - Capitalism/Money and Wealth
        
        increased speed of production is due to
        
        Industral Revolution (1760-1840)
        
        A phase of capitalism is
        
        Consumerism
        
        Which is made up of
        
        Individual spending on goods and services that are told are “needed”
        E.g. Christmas sales, Black Friday sales etc
        
        Impacts
        
        Climate Change/ Global Warming
        
        Due to use of
        
        Fossil Fuels
        
        Incentivizes
        
        Growth
        
        Consequence: Massive demand for cheapest energy possible, which was
        
        Which is inextricably linked to
        
        Profits
        
        Gives large corporations a powerful incentive to ignore inconvienent
        
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        Productivity??
        
        To solve
        
        the problem of scarcity: the demand for a good or service is greater than the availability of the good or service.
        
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        Leads to large amounts of
        
        Inequality
        (WHY?)
        
        Capitalism is a double edged sword where it seems that everyone seems to have more money than before but it seems that most of that money is going to the wealthy
        
        It’s not the process that is valued but the outcome.
        
        Microtrends have made us the same (social media)
        
        Beauty Standards
        
        driven by
        
        There's a lack of balance and great sense of comparison/ competition in beauty
        
        However wanting balance is not possible because
        
        Because of capitalism's morals of infinite growth, it leads to companies creating a brand that for most people is unreachable, since having extremely attractive individuals make the company mroe profitable.
        Thus it creates a beauty standard, since this brand is normalized and thus it becomes an expectation of the consumer. Then only more "attractive" individuals will lead to greater spending and thus greater profits. Therefore beauty standards cannot have balance.
        
        a consequence is
        
        Poverty
        
        Poverty is a trap.
        
        People in poverty need government assistance
        
        Once they get a job, they have more money, but not enough money to buy the things they used to, as they no longer fit the requirements for government assistance payments.
        
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        is represented as a microcosm through
        
        Education
        
        The hierarchical relations of work and production are mirrored in relations we see in schools
        E.g. student- teacher relationship is like the worker-boss
        
        as well as
        
        Students work for grades like workers work for a paycheck.
        
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    - - Connection?
        
        We longer care if it’s actually correct, we care about the value and ethics and identity.
        We don’t have a baseline that we share
        We don’t question the logic, but questioning my identity which is offensive.
        Confirmation bias arises and we just in loops endlessly that confirm what we already know.
    - - Meritocracy
        
        is a problem when held as a core value
        
        Holding meritocracy as a core value is a problem since it creates an illusion that the individual is just and thus less likely to examine their own behaviour for signs of prejudice.
        
        A major fault with meritocracy isthat
        
        Meritocracy is a false and not very salutary belief. As with any ideology, part of its draw is that it justifies the status quo/ legitimises inequality, explaining why people belong where they happen to be in the social order. It is a well-established psychological principle that people prefer to believe that the world is just.
        
        E.g. people who are born into wealth or become wealthy believe that the world is that way because they worked hard.
        Howeer people who are born into poorer families or come from poorer backgrounds are seen to be responsible for their situation and is becuase they don't work hard enough.
        
        The American Dream: National ethos of the United States, that every person has the freedom and opportunity to succeed and attain a better life. The phrase was popularized by James Truslow Adams during the Great Depression in 1931, and has had different meanings over time.
        
        These although linked actually cause indiividual to be stuck in a cycle
        
        IMPROVE ON IT:
        Individuals are told that they should work hard to increase their social standing, however capitalism is telling us the opposite to spend our money. Therefore the individual is stuck in this cycle of working hard and then spending it.
        
        success under meritocracy is often thought to be due to
        
        Personal Responsibility
        
        only true if
        
        The systems don't create discrimination or different starting points for people, which at the moment would be considered a utopia.
        
        in reality what happen is
        
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    - - Individualism
        
        which is ironic since
        
        One is
        
        Forced to certain kinds of thinking + viewing the world
        
        How is there individual rights or freedoms?
        
        There isn't such thing as individualism since if you don't agree or play the game of society in the way it's been made you will be judged and have less access to certain things.
        
        EXAMPLES
        
        Social norms also affect the way that you act.
        
        Certain incentives force people to take certain actions to be more comfortable or survive.
        
        If you don't agree with it then it's a problem as you will either struggle or not survive.
        
        Individualism supports the rich since collectivism benefits the poorer as unions actually work. Individuals/ working class have no bargaining power unless you are rich.
- - - - Democracy is staged and media acts as propaganda to send their messages into you.
        Media exists to sustain and protect power -> makes media propaganda channels of dictatoriships. It no longer acts as a vital check on power and a source of reliable information.
      - Media can't be a check on power since the very system is basde on complicity.Governments, corporations and big institutions know how to influence the news narrative. They make themselves crucial to the process of journalism, so those in power and those reporting on power are embed with each other.
      - When whistleblowers or someone who strays aways from the consensus, they get flack. When it's inconvienent for them, they will divert the story, discredit sources, trashing stories.
      - To manufacture consent, you need a common enemy. E.g. communism, terrorists, immigrants. A common enemy helps crowd public opinion.
      - MEDIA
        “Instead of media being a nonbiased institution, it becomes an advocate for that team and each team is trying to outdo the other team. Naturally this leads to bias and infiltry since the process is no longer valued but the outcome that is valued. This is related to post-modernity since we no longer value the process of the invention but the outcome of that innovation.
- - - - The aversion against debate in the post-modern Western world is a representation of the desire for immediate pleasures and disregard for standing up for issues in our current society.
- - - - More people have jobs with more money to spend (important part that needs to occur)
        
        Means more demand -> higher prices
- - - - Less people have jobs with less money to spend (even for the people with a job)
        
        Means less demand -> lower prices