Musolini wanted to expand the empire - need for raw materials, desire to promote Italy as a strong nation, Eritrea was currently under Italian control and this is close to Abyssinia

Italy didn't want to be aggressive to other members of the LoN but after Manchuria they thought they would get away with it so built a fort in Eritrea and had a skirmish with Ethiopia over control

LoN decided no penalties should be given, France and Britain don't want consequences

Ethiopia go directly to Italy and give them French Somalia hoping to satisfy them

25th Jan: Ethiopia kills 5 Italian soldiers so Italy prepares soldiers despite the agreement of a peaceful boarder

Impact: brings in different nations and parts of Africa and shows that the LoN is weak

Tariffs were set up in many countries to encourage internal trade

Aims to protect a nation's money and businesses and build up the economy again

When one nation creates tariffs the rest all respond by doing it too, created international tension

treaties decided split up nations in Europe after WW1, this caused many Germans to be out of place and a desire for reunification of Germans

Locarno 1925: Agreed that the western boarders couldn't change but the eastern ones could through negotiation

potentially creates opportunity for the expansion of Germany

US withdrew all loans and asked for money back from countries, crippling many including germany

german conditions were severe and due to political devision the government was unable to act effectively

the rise and establishment of their power meant that Hitler had more authority so what he wanted would happen, he finally took control of the army in 1938

New Plan prevented most imports and all had to be approved bu the government

by 1936 exported more than they imported so brought in more money for the government, this enable Germany to regain strength and start rearmament

gave the nazi party more popular opinion as they helped to bring them out of severe conditions

Until 1935 the rearmament was limited by the economic state of Germany

Germany feared a Polish attack as they were stronger than them

Anglo-German Naval Agreement was signed, enabled Germany to build more ships than initially agreed but had to stay below 35% of British navy

Occurred during the great depression, seemed amazing as it enabled employment and showed Germany as powerful because everywhere else was not able to focus on mass producing these things

The Saar had a plebiscite (a vote by all the nation on a particular issue) in 1935 and the decision was to become part of Germany

Rhineland was occupied by lightly armed troops, most of the world was focused on Abyssinia but France protested as against the treaty of Versailles, Britain was not upset as they saw it as another way that Germany was less likely to go to war as its punishments were being slowly lifted/ignored

Austria was annexed in 1938 after a failed attempt in 1934 (this was because of italy) and a plebiscite again showed they wanted to reunify with germany, also went agains the Treaty of versailles

Britain and France saw this a logical request of Germans wanting to live in Germany, other nationalities had been given this right during the Paris Peace Conference

Munich Agreement: britain france italy germany agreed this land should be given to germany, it was understood but not written that Germany would then respect the boundaries of the rest of Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia was slowly dismantled as different countries took different parts of it

germany invaded other areas claiming that it was protecting them from Hungary and Poland but this was seen as going against the spirit of the Munich Agreement

germany wanted to negotiate to get parts of Poland taken away after ww1 reattached to the country, Britain and France public were outraged as they were told German expansion stopped with the Munich Agreement, Poland said they had no interest in negotiating, Britain and France publically verbalised their alliance with Polanf in hope of ending demands with the threat of war

Britain and France were rapidly rearming themselves, refused Polands request for loans and armaments

Britain and France tried to convince Germany to join their side, saying that they would be protecting communism and European boarders. BUT Poland seemed more scared of the USSR and said they wouldn't allow any of their troops into the country. Basically it didn't happen

23rd August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact, they wouldn't fight each other, germany wouldn't invade any parts of Europe that were formerly in the Russian Empire, parts of Poland would be reabsorbed in the USSR

the British policy of settling reasonable difference through negotiation, enabling germany to do things that didn't seem unreasonable despite them going against the treaty of Versailles

France reinforced the Maginot Line (a system of fortresses and defences on the French-German border

Seigfried Line, system of anti-tank defences on the German border to the netherlands, France, belgium

alteration of Neutrality Act so France and Britain could purchase war-goods

Britain was in full mobilisation, troops from the colonies were piling in

British bombers flew over parts of Germany dropping leaflets promoting peaceful conflict solutions

Britain put mine sin North sea to try prevent german imports of iron

germany seized noarway to prevent this, it also put Britian in bombing range

only major sustained fighting in Narvik between British and German ships, Britain won both naval abttles but by June Germans had air control and allies were evacuated

Germany feared a blockade, this ended with the invasion of Norway

Germany had early success as they had deciphered the British naval code

large battleships and cruisers were less important to the war as they were subject to air attacks

Convoy system used to counter german submarine attacks, depth charges also used when patrolling the seas, destroyers fast lightly armoured ships used to locate and destroy submarines

extensive battle was won by the allies, result of the convoy system, aircrafts, and other technologies, and specificially the inability fo germans to counter these new technologies whilst maintaining submarine production

Britain feared germany would take control of French warships which would give Axis powers control over the sea, so it destroyed them

battle for the remainder of the war trying to stop the supply of transports and troops in the sea from both sides

allowed USA and UK to participate via bombing when their armies couldnt participate on land

Luftwaffe: wanted to destroy coastal defences, make the RAF unable to operate, prevent british ground forces from operating

unsuccessful - use of radars, deciphering of radio communications, spitfire was equal to german plane, lacked heavy bombers

damage to industrial areas, area targetted civilians and natural treasures as well in attempts to demoralise them

wasn't working as british were becoming more stubborn so delay in the invasion of Britain

1940: Attacked industrial areas in hope of slowing invasion into France

bombers lacked accuracy, partially due to the need for altitude to avoid being shot down, so most targets were missed

Area bombing/Strategic bombing : a new policy where an area was selected to be bombed so no need for precision, Britain hoped that demoralised victimes would convince governement to stop

occurred in waves, first to destroy roofs, then to cause fires creating firestorms

IMPACT: led to more government support, had little long-term effect on industry, only at the end of the war did bombers start impacting Germany's ability to conduct war as they could be protected by fighter aircrafts - by 1945 allied air attack had basically halted german industry

major losses - many historians think it was wasteful and a crime against humanity but they were not prosecuted in nuremberg trials as this would have brought up how the allies did it back

1941: Roosevelt banned racial discrimintaion in defence industries and federal offices

many died - bombings, concentration camps, disease, starvation, execution, bad weather, conflict

others were accused of helping the enemy when they returned home

many could no longer afford their empires, others had independence movements

initially formed out of the allied powers that fought the axis powers

security council of 15 states had the ability to undertake peacekeeping missions

5 nations permanently had seats on the security council, each with the power to veto decisions

Un had the right ot authorise military force to prevent further conflict or crimes against humanity

war between the US and the USSR, and between communism and capitalism, rise and fall of influence of countries creates a world of comeptition

calls for restoration fo democratically elected governements in European states occupied by the allies Declaration on Liberated Europe

US urges USSR to abide by the decisions at Yalta (to have a democraticcally elected governement)

as a result of the berlin blockade there was the formation of two main alliances

seized the former german naval base in China but that was later returned during the Washington Naval Conference 1922

Japanese soldiers bombed the railway in 1931 then blamed the Chinese which enabled them to take further action and annex the region

LoN reprimanded them lightly and Japan left due to the insult, but it showed the LoN won't do much

US raised a protest about Japanese Expansion into China but did nothing else