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World War 2 (Europe), World War 2 (Asia) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - most important method in much of the war
      - German were superior at first, they were heavily armoured but also had radios so they could communicate, later they were challenged by the US and USSR
      - reason for initial German success
      - adapted for various uses
    - - germans adapted them to fight troops and tanks from the airr
      - range wasn't good, so couldn't accompany bombers on long missions
      - extended range by the nd of the war
    - - used to destroy naval ships
      - used at the start of the war
    - - most effective naval vessel
      - cheap and fast to build
      - Germany had superiority
    - - Depth charges: bombs flung from ships or dropped by aircrafts that exploded at a certain depth
      - Hedgehog: smaller bombs launched at the same time in front of a ship which sank and only exploded once something was hit
      - Sonar: soundwaves used to determine the location of submarines
      - HF/DF: at least two machines were used to discover the exact location of submarines by focusing the radio signals, allowed the location to be bombed
    - - britain was the first nation to use it effectively
      - used to determine number and direction of german bombers after July 1940
      - later used to detect submarines as well but germans developed technology which told them when they had been detected by radar so they could sink and hide
    - - british torpedo bomber - Taranto (Mediterranean Sea 1940) destroyed Italian ships
      - sea planes
      - dive bombers - drop bombs with great accuracy
    - - germany used them to great effect in combination with tanks and infantry
      - Britain and US used them to target deep inside Europe with no integration with other military operations
    - - installed on fighter aircrafts
      - germany used them to attack London and Antwerp, they were sipposed to start terror as they had no warning but they had no impact on the outcome of the war
  - - - Poland relied on British and French alliance, went straight to the boarder instead of more defensible positions at the aim of not wanting to cede anymore territory
      - Germany relied on tanks and aircrafts, tanks outflanked troops, aircrafts attack infrastructure and enemy position - blitzkreig warfare (rapid warfare), they encircled Polish troops and forced them to surrender, this is a type of warfare repeated across Europe in German offensives.
      - Britain and France declared war on 3rd September, but protected French border and didn't help Poland
      - Poland surrendered 28th September
      - Polish Guerilla resistance movements were established after the fall of Polans, they conducted several significant military operations throughout the war
    - - no major fighting occurred in western Europe
      - France reinforced the Maginot Line (a system of fortresses and defences on the French-German border
      - Seigfried Line, system of anti-tank defences on the German border to the netherlands, France, belgium
      - alteration of Neutrality Act so France and Britain could purchase war-goods
      - Britain was in full mobilisation, troops from the colonies were piling in
      - British bombers flew over parts of Germany dropping leaflets promoting peaceful conflict solutions
    - - USSR rapidly tried to reclaim lost Russian Empire
      - Finland refused, used guerilla tactics to inflict heavy losses on the USSR army. USSR sent in more troops and tanks which led to a peace treaty in March 1940, USSR took land from Finland and annexed many other European nations
    - - Britain put mine sin North sea to try prevent german imports of iron
      - germany seized noarway to prevent this, it also put Britian in bombing range
      - Denmark was used to launch more attacks on Norway
      - only major sustained fighting in Narvik between British and German ships, Britain won both naval abttles but by June Germans had air control and allies were evacuated
    - - Case Yellow was a german offensive against France Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg.
      - fight on western front had lots of troops and equipment
      - german equipment was more advanced - tanks particularly and also germany had air superiority
      - Belgium, the fotresses were overun and Germans used bonbers to destroy airfirelds and aircrafts
      - Netherlands fell on 14 May, Germans used paratroopers and bombers
      - Ardennes Forest was used to penetrate france and cut off beligum, france was enventually captured witht he help of a secondary attack from Italy
      - Vichy France, was the remnant of france that was a german puppet-stat ebetween 1940 and 1942
    - - against the USSR
      - rapid german advance as USSR was surprised
      - USSR had a masssive counterattack in December that prevented the capture of Moscow and put an end to the operation
      - led to war between USSR and germany
    - - Case Blue aimed to capture the soviet oilfields in Stalingrad
      - Soviet troops kept fighting, slowed down other offensive invasions as those troops were called in
      - operation Uranus 1942-1943 : trapped a large german army in stalingrad that could no longer receive supplies, the germans surrendered and this was their first major defeat
    - - largest tank battle in history
      - the second turning point of the war in europe along with stalingrad asgermany was not able to mount success
      - soviet troops continued to advance afainst axis powers for the rest of the war
    - - Soviet troops marched into Germany and secured Berlin on 2nd May 1945
      - Hitler remained in berlin in an underground bunker until he killed himself 29th April 1945
    - - , UK USA USSR agreed to start another front against germany in the west
      - Operation Overlord attack on Normandy coast, opening the second western front
        
        meant troops that were needed in the eastern front to fight the soviets had to stay, so the soviets could advance more quickly
        
        amphibious assault 6 June 1944
        
        allies had captured all 5 beaches, by 4th July a million allied troops were in France conducting offensives against germany
        
        after this point allied forces kept winning on the western front, one german offensive (Von Rundstedt offensive) which slowed them down but in the end victorious, did not charge berlin as it had been agreed the soviets would capture berlin
        
        germany surrendere din May 1945
  - - - extensive battle was won by the allies, result of the convoy system, aircrafts, and other technologies, and specificially the inability fo germans to counter these new technologies whilst maintaining submarine production
    - - Britain feared germany would take control of French warships which would give Axis powers control over the sea, so it destroyed them
      - Britain used aircraft carriers to destroy italian navy in 1940
      - battle for the remainder of the war trying to stop the supply of transports and troops in the sea from both sides
  - - - Poland 1939
      - invasion of other countries 1940
      - allowed USA and UK to participate via bombing when their armies couldnt participate on land
    - - Luftwaffe: wanted to destroy coastal defences, make the RAF unable to operate, prevent british ground forces from operating
      - unsuccessful - use of radars, deciphering of radio communications, spitfire was equal to german plane, lacked heavy bombers
    - - heavy bombing of london
      - damage to industrial areas, area targetted civilians and natural treasures as well in attempts to demoralise them
      - wasn't working as british were becoming more stubborn so delay in the invasion of Britain
    - - 1940: Attacked industrial areas in hope of slowing invasion into France
      - bombers lacked accuracy, partially due to the need for altitude to avoid being shot down, so most targets were missed
      - Area bombing/Strategic bombing : a new policy where an area was selected to be bombed so no need for precision, Britain hoped that demoralised victimes would convince governement to stop
      - occurred in waves, first to destroy roofs, then to cause fires creating firestorms
      - March 1942 - Billancourt France, + Lubeck Germany
      - IMPACT: led to more government support, had little long-term effect on industry, only at the end of the war did bombers start impacting Germany's ability to conduct war as they could be protected by fighter aircrafts - by 1945 allied air attack had basically halted german industry
      - major losses - many historians think it was wasteful and a crime against humanity but they were not prosecuted in nuremberg trials as this would have brought up how the allies did it back
- - - - supposed to create a safe haven for jews
      - results in the separation of people
      - tension as it was carved out of an existing country
    - - Black Americans returned from war to racism
      - 1941: Roosevelt banned racial discrimintaion in defence industries and federal offices
      - 1947: Truman bans segregation in the military
    - - people made homeless
      - lots of infrastructure destroyed
      - many died - bombings, concentration camps, disease, starvation, execution, bad weather, conflict
      - no way to buy anything, people lost everything in the war
    - - many were unable to return home for many years
      - others were accused of helping the enemy when they returned home
      - Germans were expelled from some countries
      - created political instability and chaos
      - moved to acconmodate border changes
  - - - policy of containment of communism by providing those fighting against it with economic support so that they do not have to resort to communism or the USSR
    - - US provided $13 billion for economic recovery in Europe
      - most were grants to rebuild infrastructure
      - USSR rejected the help as it did not agree with the rebuilding of Germany and didn't want the US to review their economic situation
      - RESULT: rapid economic recovery, growth of the participating states, increasing trade with the US, also created a divide between western and eastern europe
    - - 1941
      - US were able to sell material goods during the war
      - send $50.1 billion worth of goods to allies during the war
      - resulted in the US getting richer because of trade agreements that were made, it also allowed the US to prove their wealth as they didn't need the resources back
    - - the USSR response to the marshall plan
      - it allowed free trade between the ussr and all its satelite states
      - not very successful and contributed to the division of eastern and western europe
  - - - many people left feeling they were in the wrong country
    - - initially formed out of the allied powers that fought the axis powers
      - there were some changes from the LoN to make it more effective
        
        USA and USSR were included
        
        all states had representation at the general assembly
        
        security council of 15 states had the ability to undertake peacekeeping missions
        
        5 nations permanently had seats on the security council, each with the power to veto decisions
        
        Un had the right ot authorise military force to prevent further conflict or crimes against humanity
    - - Change from imperial to economic empires
      - fear of imbalance of international power as empires collapse
      - many could no longer afford their empires, others had independence movements
    - - war between the US and the USSR, and between communism and capitalism, rise and fall of influence of countries creates a world of comeptition
    - - YALTA 1945
        
        calls for restoration fo democratically elected governements in European states occupied by the allies Declaration on Liberated Europe
        
        agrees on post-war borders
      - POTSDAM 1945
        
        US urges USSR to abide by the decisions at Yalta (to have a democraticcally elected governement)
        
        also agreed how to proceed with war criminals
    - - as a result of the berlin blockade there was the formation of two main alliances
      - NATO 1949
      - Warsaw Pact 1950
- - - - under the economic minister Hjalmar Schacht
      - New Plan prevented most imports and all had to be approved bu the government
      - tried to trade more than pay for anything
      - by 1936 exported more than they imported so brought in more money for the government, this enable Germany to regain strength and start rearmament
      - gave the nazi party more popular opinion as they helped to bring them out of severe conditions
    - - Until 1935 the rearmament was limited by the economic state of Germany
      - Polish-german Non-Agression Pact
        
        neither would attack one another
        
        Germany feared a Polish attack as they were stronger than them
        
        Poland wanted to focus on the USSR
      - 1935, German rearmament in violation of the treaty of versailles started
        
        conscription reintroduced
        
        felt the need because of French refusal for disarmament
        
        by 1936 Germany could mass produced arms
        
        Anglo-German Naval Agreement was signed, enabled Germany to build more ships than initially agreed but had to stay below 35% of British navy
        
        Occurred during the great depression, seemed amazing as it enabled employment and showed Germany as powerful because everywhere else was not able to focus on mass producing these things
    - - agreement between Britain, France, and Italy to work together to isolate Germany from world affairs
      - this was almost immediately undermined by Britain forming the Anglo-German Naval Agreement
      - the co-operation was then basically destroyed by the Abyssinian Crisis as France and Britain put economic consequences on Italy, this pushed Italy and Germany to form a political and economic relationship, and the LoN was seen as ineffective
        
        italy and Germany declared the Rome-Berlin Axis (October 1936)
        
        germany also established the Anti-Comintern Pact with japan in 1936 again showing that it was not isolated, and also many central/eastern european countries relied on germany for industry so also showed that they were not isolated
    - - 1935-1938
        
        The Saar had a plebiscite (a vote by all the nation on a particular issue) in 1935 and the decision was to become part of Germany
        
        Rhineland was occupied by lightly armed troops, most of the world was focused on Abyssinia but France protested as against the treaty of Versailles, Britain was not upset as they saw it as another way that Germany was less likely to go to war as its punishments were being slowly lifted/ignored
        
        Austria was annexed in 1938 after a failed attempt in 1934 (this was because of italy) and a plebiscite again showed they wanted to reunify with germany, also went agains the Treaty of versailles
      - 1938
        
        Sudetenland demanded annexation to Germany
        
        Britain and France saw this a logical request of Germans wanting to live in Germany, other nationalities had been given this right during the Paris Peace Conference
        
        Munich Agreement: britain france italy germany agreed this land should be given to germany, it was understood but not written that Germany would then respect the boundaries of the rest of Czechoslovakia
      - 1939
        
        Czechoslovakia was slowly dismantled as different countries took different parts of it
        
        germany sudetenland
        
        Poland occupied areas it had lost in 1920
        
        Slovak region declared independence in 1939
        
        Hungary annexed eastern areas
        
        germany invaded other areas claiming that it was protecting them from Hungary and Poland but this was seen as going against the spirit of the Munich Agreement
      - 1939
        
        germany wanted to negotiate to get parts of Poland taken away after ww1 reattached to the country, Britain and France public were outraged as they were told German expansion stopped with the Munich Agreement, Poland said they had no interest in negotiating, Britain and France publically verbalised their alliance with Polanf in hope of ending demands with the threat of war
        
        Britain and France were rapidly rearming themselves, refused Polands request for loans and armaments
        
        Britain and France tried to convince Germany to join their side, saying that they would be protecting communism and European boarders. BUT Poland seemed more scared of the USSR and said they wouldn't allow any of their troops into the country. Basically it didn't happen
        
        23rd August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact, they wouldn't fight each other, germany wouldn't invade any parts of Europe that were formerly in the Russian Empire, parts of Poland would be reabsorbed in the USSR
    - - the British policy of settling reasonable difference through negotiation, enabling germany to do things that didn't seem unreasonable despite them going against the treaty of Versailles
      - blamed for encouraging Hitler's expansion
  - - - It was a diktat
      - The clauses meant that Germany felt weak and threatened and wanted to regain power
      - Caused resentment from the population on the government
        
        November Criminals : those who signed the Treaty were seen as traitors
      - the treaty was seen as failure in hindsight but not during the 1920s
      - created by Wilson, Lloyd-George, Clemenceau
      - Put Germany into huge economic troubles, and the government reinforced the ideas that all German economic insecurity and hyperinflation were due to this despite it not being true, fuelled resentment
    - - Germany wasn't allowed to join, led to diplomatic isolation and resentment
      - USA chose not to join, so the league potentially had less power
      - Manchurian Crisis
        
        Due to US tariffs on imported good Japan needed to boost its industry so invaded Manchuria for the source of raw materials
        
        September 1931: damage done to a Japanese railway in Manchuria, Japan accused China and used it as an excuse to take further action in Manchuria
        
        October 1932: League of Nations releases its report stating that Japan should leave Manchuria, and this was supported by another vote in 1933
        
        Japan leaves the LoN and receives no sanctions for doing so, Britain and France don't want to send in troops as they don't know what the consequences would be, so no action occurs
    - - Growing pressure for disarmament
        
        Japan in Manchuria
        
        Hitler's election to power
        
        Italy's growing military strength
        
        LoN was too weak to act if the opposing country had a big military
      - 1932
        
        Germany suggests all countries disarm to the level that Germany was at, upsets France
      - seemed optimistic until hitler became chancellor and began rearmament
      - Absolute failure as no decisions were reached, Countries were worried about protecting themselves, France would only disarm if it had guarantees of protecting from US and UK due to fear of Germany
      - Hitler left the conference as France wasn't taking it seriously, Japan had left the LoN so they weren't going to disarm, France Poland and Czechoslovakia were worried about Germany and felt the LoN could not protect them
    - - Musolini wanted to expand the empire - need for raw materials, desire to promote Italy as a strong nation, Eritrea was currently under Italian control and this is close to Abyssinia
      - Italy didn't want to be aggressive to other members of the LoN but after Manchuria they thought they would get away with it so built a fort in Eritrea and had a skirmish with Ethiopia over control
      - LoN decided no penalties should be given, France and Britain don't want consequences
      - Ethiopia go directly to Italy and give them French Somalia hoping to satisfy them
      - 25th Jan: Ethiopia kills 5 Italian soldiers so Italy prepares soldiers despite the agreement of a peaceful boarder
      - Impact: brings in different nations and parts of Africa and shows that the LoN is weak
    - - Tariffs were set up in many countries to encourage internal trade
      - Aims to protect a nation's money and businesses and build up the economy again
      - When one nation creates tariffs the rest all respond by doing it too, created international tension
      - US withdrew all loans and asked for money back from countries, crippling many including germany
      - german conditions were severe and due to political devision the government was unable to act effectively
    - - treaties decided split up nations in Europe after WW1, this caused many Germans to be out of place and a desire for reunification of Germans
      - Locarno 1925: Agreed that the western boarders couldn't change but the eastern ones could through negotiation
      - potentially creates opportunity for the expansion of Germany
    - - had become insignificant after failed coup in 1923 and hitlers imprisonment in 1924 but regained strength in Great Depression as they got a few seats on the reichstag
      - People turned to them in times of need as current political parties had failed them
      - people feared communist revolution and the communist parties were gaining power so they turned to the other extreme
      - Nazi beliefs
        
        self-suffiecient
        
        undo the treaty of versailles
        
        expand to include all Germans
        
        germans were the master/superior race
        
        jews, roma, africans, mentally ill, homosexuals were threats to the purity of the german race and should be seperated
      - seen as an alternative to the failing political establishment
      - the rise and establishment of their power meant that Hitler had more authority so what he wanted would happen, he finally took control of the army in 1938
- - - - rapid and successful
      - defeated China in 1895 and annexed Formosa (Taiwain)
      - defeated Russia in 1905 to annex Port Arthur and took control of the Manchurian railway which was in China but leased to Russia
      - annexed Korea in 1910
      - need for imperialism due to lack of raw materials and a desire for industrialisation
    - - gave Japan more opportunities for expansion
      - seized the former german naval base in China but that was later returned during the Washington Naval Conference 1922
      - was awarded the South Sea Mandate
    - - Japanese soldiers bombed the railway in 1931 then blamed the Chinese which enabled them to take further action and annex the region
      - LoN reprimanded them lightly and Japan left due to the insult, but it showed the LoN won't do much
      - US raised a protest about Japanese Expansion into China but did nothing else
    - - a result fo the Manchurian Crisis
      - Japan attacked China using Manchuria as a base, the Japanese military had taken control of the governement
      - Japan had taken control of most eastern China by 1940
      - China reached out to LoN but they did nothing as Britain and France were preoccuipied with Europe despite their colonies being at risk
      - Japan became the unrivalled power of Asia
  - - - Roosevelt was limited by the Neutrality Act which prevented involvement in conflicts
      - 1941, Neutrality Act was replaced by the Lend-Lease programme so the US could sell weapons to the allied nations
      - US banned oil exports to Japan which threatened to halt Japanese industry as htey almost exclusviely relied on US oil
      - US did not like Japanese expansion
    - - due to the US embargo of oil, Japan wanted to expand into Dutch East Indies to get their oilfields
      - US were going to resist this