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PAPER 2 - Coggle Diagram
PAPER 2
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attribution theory
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Weiner deduced that the reasons for winning and losing can fall into two sections and he placed them on a matrix
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the locus of causality - the reasons for winning or losing can either be within the control of the performer - internal or out of the performer's control
the stability dimensions - the reasons for winning and losing can also be changeable in a short time - concerned with how changeable to reasons for winning and losing are
self-serving bias - when the players win games they like to think it was down to them so internal and stable reasons are often given for sporting success - losing is attributed to unstable and external reasons
learned helplessness - players will continue to try if they think success is down to them and that failure is a result of external and changeable reasons
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mastery orientation - the opposite of learned helplessness - an athlete with confidence and a history of success may feel in control and they assume success will be repeated and that failure can be improved upon
Stress
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perception - how the athlete views that threat is the key to either a positive or negative experience - perception of the threat is important
cognitive stress
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it brings negative thoughts and feelings including the irrational thinking of the inability to cope with the demands of the situation
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as performance levels drop, the player may experience feat of failure and begins to worry about letting down their coach with a poor performance continuing the stress cycle
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types of feedback
intrinsic feedback
is a type of continuous feedback that comes from proprioceptors - involves information available to the performer that is internal
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positive feedback
reinforces skill learning and gives information about a successful outcome and involves information that is often extrinsic and reward the performer
advantages
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can be extremely motivating, building self - esteem and confidence
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negative feedback
information about an unsuccessful outcome, which can be used to build more successful strategies
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knowledge of...
of results = feedback is external and can come from the performer seeing the results of their response or from a coach - type of terminal feedback
of performance = feedback about the pattern of moevement that has taken or is taking place. normally assocaiated with external feedback but can be gained through kinaesthetic awareness
effective feedback
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the type of feedback that is given to a novice is different to that given to more experienced sports performers
the novice will not have intrinsic feedback that can be accurately relied upon because of the lack of kinaesthetic awareness
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group and team dynamics
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- forming - a member meet each other and begin to form relationships with each other. they do not have a team goals, no clear roles and everyone relies on the tea, leader for instructions
- storming - things become more difficult during this phase as individuals struggle to determine their place in the team and leadership challenges occur - friendships can lead to divisions within the team
- norming - members of the team work together to develop group standards. cooperative problem solving occurs and everyone has defined roles and the leader is listened to, everyone is working together towards a common goal
- performing - the team members work together towards their goal. performance is of a high standard and disputes are settled between the team members and the role of the leader is greatly diminished
confidence
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types
trait confidence - a consistent level of confidence shown in most situations when the player is happy to take part and anxiety is low - how an athlete rates their ability across a wide range of sports
state confidence - refers to a specific situation - type of influence of experience and personality - ability to perform at a particular moment
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self - efficacy
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Bandura suggested that confidence can vary both with the situation and also from movement to a moment
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memory models
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multi store memory
components
rehearsal loop = mental rehearsal of actions found in the STM - by repeating the process it allows the performer more time to process information for deeper meaning
visa - spatial sketchpad = allows temporary holding of visual images - process stores and visual or spatial information via visualisation that can be practiced by the performer
executive control centre = controls the limited amount of information that could be judged at once as decision making takes place
personal relevance - if the information is related to the performer's experience the stronger the processing
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stages of learning
cognitive (stage one)
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the performer should fully understand why failure occurred to avoid the same experience in the future
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Guidance
verbal guidance
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disadvantages: information overload + the guidance may be given inaccurately so the performer will not develop the skills effectively
advantages: can reinforce good movements and identify weak areas through feedback + can hold the attention of the performer
visual guidance
during the cognitive phase of learning visual guidance is used to help the learner create a meantal image of the skill
disadvantages: demonstrations may be incorrect and therefore performer could learn bad habits + may be unclear or skill production too quick for the performer to follow it effectively :
advantages: can easily create a mental image + enable the skill to be seen in different stages to make it easier to learn and develop + encourages observational learning
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trait theory
proposes that people have enduring characteristics which are not affected by the environment and are relatively stable in all situations
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leadership
an individual's ability to have enough influence over the behaviour of the others to motivate them to follow the individual's own set goals
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attitudes in sport - emotional feelings that a person has towards something which effects how they act
components
affective - experiencing a positive emotion towards an attitude object will result in a positive attitude
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goal setting
types
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process goals - goals concerned with how well and athlete executes skills in order to improve their performance
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