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Nervous System Rose Bui-Luu - P2 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Rose Bui-Luu - P2
Major Functions
sensory input
integration and processing (decision-making)
motor output (response)
thinking
movement
internal processes of physiology
Brain's Major Parts, Functions
Cerebrum
largest portion of brain
higher mental functions, sensory and motor functions
intelligence
stores information for memory
interpretation of sensory input
initiating voluntary muscular movements
personality
integrates information for reasoning
Diencephalon
Thalamus
channels all sensory impulses, except those for sense of smell
produces general awareness of sensation, such as pain, touch, and temperature
sorting and diverting sensory info arriving from other parts of nervous system to cerebral cortex (relay center)
Hypothalamus
controls movements and secretions of digestive tract
maintain homeostasis by regulating visceral activities
regulates body temperature, water and electrolyte balance, hunger, and body weight
helps to regulate sleep and wakefulness
regulates heart rate and arterial blood pressure
link endocrine system with nervous system
produces hormones that cause anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones
produce hormones that cause the posterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones
Cerebellum
coordinates skeletal muscle activity
maintains posture
ensures that movement occurs in the desired manner
integrates sensory info about the position of body parts
Brainstem
connects cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord
Midbrain
contains main motor pathways between cerebrum and lower portions of nervous system
Pons
contains centers that help regulate rate and depth of breathing
Medulla Oblongata
houses nuclei that control visceral functions
Spinal Cord's Major Parts, Functions
Functions
transmit impulses to and from brain
house spinal reflexes
Parts
Cervical Enlargement - thickened area near top of spinal cord that provides nerves to upper limbs
Spinal Cord - begins at base of brain
Lumbar Enlargement - thickened region near bottom of spinal cord that provides nerves to lower limbs
Cauda Equina (Horse's Tail) - structure formed where spinal cord tapers to point inferiorly, consists of spinal nerves in lumbar and sacral areas
Major Divisions/Subdivisions
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Efferent (Motor) Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Afferent (Sensory) Nervous System
Tissues
Neurons
Neuroglia
Functions: fill spaces; structurally support, protect, insulate neurons
Types (CNS)
Microglia
function as phagocytes (cleaner upper) for bacterial cells and regular debris, and produce scar tissue in sites of injury
Oligodendrocytes
form the myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord
Ependymal Cells
produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS
Astrocytes
lie between blood vessels and neurons
structural support, formation of the blood-brain barrier, which protects brain tissue from chemical fluctuation and prevents entry of many substances
Schwann Cells (PNS)
myelin-producing neuroglia of the PNS
Satellite Cells (PNS)
provide
Classification of Neurons
Structural (differ in size, shape, structure)
Multipolar Neurons
have many dendrites with one axon arising from cell body
most neurons with cell bodes in CNS (interneuron and motor neurons) are multipolar
Bipolar Neurons
has 2 processes extending from cell body, dendrites, and an axon
found in some special sense, such as eyes, nose, and ears
Unipolar Neurons
only 1 process extending from cell body; outside cell body, it splits into 2 parts that function as 1 axon; peripheral process has dendrites near peripheral body part, central process runs into CNS
cell bodies found in ganglia outside the CNS
are sensory neurons
Functional
Sensory (Afferent)
conduct impules from peripheral receptors to CNS
usually unipolar, although some bipolar
Interneurons (association or internuncial)
multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons
cell bodies of some interneurons aggregate in specialized masses called nuclei
Motor (Efferent)
multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glands)
Connective Tissue Coverings
Epineurium - outer covering of a nerve
Perineurium - covering around fasicles (bundles) of nerve fibers
Endoneurium - covering around individual nerve fibers (axons)
Action Potential, Nerve Impulse
Cranial Nerves
Primarily Motor
III - Oculomotor
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move eyes, adjust the amount of light entering the eyes, focus lenses
VI - Abducens
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes
some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with condition of muscles
XI - Accessory
Spinal Branch
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of neck and back
Cranial Branch
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx
XII - Hypoglossal
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the tongue
IV - Trochlear
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move eyes
some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with conditions of muscles
Sensory
I - Olfactory
sensory fibers conduct impulse associated with sense of SMELL
II - Optic
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with sense of VISION
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular Branch
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with sense of EQUILIBRIUM
Cochlear Branch
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with sense of HEARING
Mixed
V - Trigeminal
Opthalmic Division
sensory fibers conduct impulses from surface of eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, upper eyelids
Maxillary DIvision
sensory fibers conduct impulses from upper teeth/gum/lip, lining of palate, skin of face
Mandibular Division
sensory fibers conduct impulses from skin of jaw, lower teeth/gum/lip
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of mastication and muscles in floor of mouth
VII - Facial
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with taste receptors or anterior tongue
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear and salivary glands
IX - Glossopharyngeal
sensory fibers conduct impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and carotid arteries
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of pharynx used in swallowing and to salivary glands
X - Vagus
somatic motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing
autonomic motor fibers conduct impulses to heart, smooth muscles and glands in thorax and abdomen
sensory fibers conduct impulses from pharynx, larnyx, esophagus, viscera of thorax and abdomen
Spinal Nerves
Cervical Nerves (8)
Thoracic Nerves (12)
Lumbar Nerves (5)
Sacral Nerves (5)
Coccygeal Nerves (1)
Neurotransmitters
Acetycholine
CNS - controls skeletal muscle actions
PNS - stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions; may excite/inhbit autonomic nervous system actions, depending on receptos
Monoamines
Norepinephrine
CNS - creates sense of feeling good; low levels lead to depression
PNS - may excite/inhibit autonomic nervous system actions, depending on receptors
Dopamine
CNS - creates sense of feeling good; deficiency in some brain areas is associated with Parkinson disease
PNS - limited actions in autonomic nervous system; may excite or inhibit depending on receptors
Histamine
CNS - release in hypothalamus promotes alertness
Serotonin
CNS - primarily inhibitory; leads to sleepiness; action is blocked by LSD, enhanced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRIs)
ANS - Compare & Contrast
Parasympathetic Nervous System
rest and digest
increases digestion
decreases heart rate
constricts pupils
Sympathetic Nervous System
flight or fight response
dilates pupils
inhibits intestines
increases heart rate
Reflex Arc's Major Parts, Functions
Functions
simplest neural pathway, the route that nerve impulses travel
provide basis for involuntary actions called reflexes
Parts
Receptor
receptor end of dendrite or specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ
senses specific type of internal/external change
Sensory Neuron
dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory neuron
carries info from receptor into brain or spinal cord
Interneuron
dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within brain or spinal cord
carries info from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Motor Neuron
dendrite, cell body, and axon of a motor neuron
carries instructions from brain or spinal cord out to effector
Effector
muscle or gland
responds to stimulation/inhibition by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
Disorders/Diseases
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
occurs when blood flow to a portion of brain is halted
Causes/Risk Factors: blood vessel clogged by plaque or blood clot; blood vessel bursts; high cholesterol
Symptoms: change in hearing, taste, touch, or vision; loss of coordination and balance; muscle weakness or numbness (usually one-sided)
Treatment Options: surgery to open clogged vessel; stroke rehabilitation; clot bursting drugs (thrombolytics)
Autism
brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
Causes/Risk Factors: cause is not well understood; hereditary; past medical issue
Symptoms: delay in learning to talk/non-communicative; unusual attachment to object or routine; repeated behaviors
Treatment Options: coping skills; specialized therapy; behavioral management
Alzheimer's Disease
a form of dementia associated with age
Causes/Risk Factors: family history, high insulin levels, past head trauma
Symptoms: difficulty performing everyday functions, mood and behavior changes, unfounded suspicions
Treatment Options: psychological coping skills; reversing behavior triggers; stem cells
Spinal Cord Injury
damage to the spinal cord
Causes/Risk Factors: loss of feeling below damaged site; spastic muscles; loss of bladder/bowel control
Symptoms: direct injury or disease; weakened vertebral column; fluid build-up around spinal cord
Treatment Options: completely severed spinal cord cannot be cured; medication to reduce swellingl spinal traction
Meningitis
infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
Causes/Risk Factors: bacterial/viral infection; chemical irritations; fungi or parasites
Symptoms: nausea and vomiting; sensitivity to light; fever and chills
Treatment Options: bacterial - hospitalization; antibiotics; prevention with vaccination
Multiple Sclerosis
autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
Causes/Risk Factors: cause not well understood; nerve damage caused by inflammation; possible viral infection
Symptoms: constipation and stool leakage; depression, dizziness, fatigue, memory loss; vary depending on location and security
Treatment Options: no known cure; medications to slow disease progress; steroid treatments
Drugs of Abuse
Heroine
interferes with dopamin and inhibitory neurotransmitters
produces immediate feelings of sedation and well-being; effective as a painkiller
Ecstasy
interferes with serotonin neurotransmitter
affects pathwats responsible for mood, sleep, perception, attitude, and reward; slightly addictive due to additional stimulation of dopamine
Marijuana
interferes with dopamine and inhibitory neurotransmitter
produces perpetual natural high; slows down movement and produces feelings of relaxation and calm
Methamphetamine
interferes with dopamine neurotransmitter
addictive on brain's reward pathways, making user feel intense pleasure and exhiliration
Alcohol
interferes with GABA and glutamate (excitatory) neurotransmitter
affects areas of brain involved in memory formation, decision-making, and impulse control
Cocaine
interferes with dopamine neurotransmitter
active in reward pathway and in parts of brain controlling voluntary movements cocaine abusers are fidgeting and unable to stay still
LSD
interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters
excites the locus coeruleus, responsible for feelings of wakefulness and evoking a startle response to unexpected stimulus