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Tudors Simplified, Spain, Plots, 1558 - 1663 Burgundy - Absorbed into…

- - - - King Edward VI, the son of Henry VIII, dies without a clear heir.
      - In Edward's will, Lady Jane Grey, his Protestant cousin, is named as his heir, bypassing his half-sisters Mary Tudor (Catholic) and Elizabeth I (Protestant).
      - Duke of Northumberland, supports Lady Jane Grey and takes actions to place her on the throne.
      - Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, opposes the attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne.
      - Despite opposition, Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England.
      - The public reacts to the proclamation, and there is a lack of widespread support for Lady Jane Grey.
      - Lady Jane Grey's reign is short-lived, lasting only nine days.
      - Mary Tudor successfully ascends to the throne as Queen Mary I.
      - Mary Tudor gathers support and troops to challenge Lady Jane Grey's claim to the throne.
  - - - 1554
        Bishops had to enforce all religious legislation of the last year of Henry VIII's reign
      - 1556
        Burning of Protestants, including Archbishop Cranmer
      - Act of Repeal (1555)
        Revoked the Royal Supremacy and reinstated the Pope as Head of the Church. Returned England back to before the break with Rome
      - Issues
        To repeal the laws that bring royal supremacy created by Henry VIII, Mary had to accept the idea that statute law presided over divine law, which she disagreed with
        Pole and the Pope wanted the dissolutioned monastic lands to be returned to the church, however they accepted that politically this would be impossible
  - - - Marriage to Philip II (1554)
        Political union of Catholic monarchs
        Clause in the declaration to make sure Philip did not inherit the title of King
        Not in favour of Protestants, and caused the Wyatt Rebellion (1554)
    - - French War
        1557 - England declares war on France, who was supported by the Pope
        1558 - England loses Calais
        
        Spanish alliance dragged England into a war with France and the Papal States, causing a conflict with Mary's Catholic ideology
        
        Elizabeth
        1559 - Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, Calais is kept by France for 8 years, then under England's control if England kept the peace. 500,000 crowns if France did not give back Calais.
        Treaty of Troy (1564) confirms France control over Calais after England intervenes for French Protestants
- - - - Composition
        Privy Chamber, made up of around 6 members, executed the King's verbal commands without written orders
        Parliament was called 7 times and was not used much except to pass taxes
      - Justices of the Peace
        Local gentry of whom ruled over lands and maintained law and order. Well-respected and relied on heavily
      - Bonds and Recognizances
        Edson and Dudley main perpetrators. These were used to fine, seize and bankrupt rival nobles to neutralize their political and economic power
    - - Rebellions
        
        Lovell and Stafford (1486)
        Support from Margaret of Burgundy. Impersonator of Edward V, efficiently crushed
        
        Simnel (1487)
        Swift government action, very weak
      - Warbeck
        Refused backing from Ireland, fled to France and was received
        Peace of Etaples (1492) exiled Warbeck, he was received by Margaret of Burgundy. Trade ban on Burgundy (1493-1496) which ended with the Magnus Intercursus (1496)
        Gave a claim to Maximilian in HRE court
        Sir Stanley executed 1495
        Failed to land in Kent, supported in Ireland by Earl of Desmond. Fled to Scotland in 1495 and then was exiled under Treaty of Ayton 1497
        Landed in Cornwall and captured, executed in 1498
    - - Reginald Bray
        Introduced new ways of auditing accounts, most trusted advisor and restored effective methods of estate management after disruption from War of the Roses
      - Ordinary Revenue
        Customs duties
        Crown lands from attainders
        Feudal obligations
        Bonds and Recognizances
        Fines levied by the courts
        Ordinary taxes
      - Extraordinary Revenue
        Parliamentary grants for usually war purposes
        Loans
        Benevolences (forced loans with no repayments)
        Clerical taxes
        Feudal obligations from special occasions
        French Pension of £159,000 in annual amounts of £5,000
    - - Exerting Power
        
        Promoted attacks on the Church
        
        King's Courts were separate to the Church's Courts
        
        Charge of Praemunire, which was placing the authority of a foreign power over the King's
        
        Refused the Bishop of Lincoln to undertake his pastoral work and leave the marches of Wales
        
        Service to the state came before service to the Church
      - Submitting to Power
        
        Henry VII gained permission from the church to marry Elizabeth of York
  - - - France
        
        Treaty of Redon 1489
        
        England agrees to support Breton independence and would send 6,000 troops (Brittany would pay). Henry supporting Brittany in their war against France
        
        Treaty of Etaples 1492
        
        The treaty served to end an English invasion of France, launched in order to stop France's support for Warbeck. The English had landed at Calais and laid siege to Boulogne.
        
        By this treaty, France agreed to expel Warbeck and pay England an indemnity of £159,000, £5,000 each year. England had to acknowledge French control of Brittany
      - Spain
        
        Treaty of Medina del Campo
        1489
        
        Betrothal of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon, lowered tariffs between the two countries, defensive alliance
      - Burgundy
        
        Magnus Intercursus
        1496
        
        Burgundy had been supporting Warbeck so Henry issued a trade embargo in 1493. The economic importance of England for the Netherlands enabled Henry to induce Maximilian and Burgundy to abandon the pretender in 1496 and to conclude a treaty of peace and freer trade
        
        Intercursus Malus 1506
        
        Exceptionally advantageous English trade in Burgundy. Caused by the Treaty of Windsor
        
        Treaty of Windsor 1506
        
        Henry attempts to woo Philip and Joana when they are shipwrecked in England, and succeeds in forming an alliance with them
        
        Henry agreed to recognise Joanna and Philip as rulers of Castile, also Henry will marry Margaret of Savoy, Philip's sister, which aimed at strengthening Henry's rule after the death of his wife Elizabeth. But, this marriage never happened.
        
        However, Philip of Burgundy's death soon after the couple's arrival in Spain, foiled the treaty as Ferdinand described Joana as having gone mad with grief allowing himself to become reagent
      - Scotland
        
        Truce of Ayton 1497
        
        Truce of England and Scotland, kicked out Warbeck
        
        Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502
        
        Finalised the Truce of Ayton, Margaret Tudor betrothed to James IV, they won't support each others' rebels and James won't invade if war elsewhere
      - Ireland
        
        Warbeck was harboured in Ireland
        
        Ireland crowned Simnel (1487)
        
        Poynings' law used to force English laws on Ireland, however not effective
        
        Was never taken over
  - - - Trade Acts
        
        Navigation Acts (1485 and 1489)
        This was to encourage more English shipping as it forbid any products or trade to be loaded onto other ships that were not English. Limited Successful overall as by end of Henry's reign 50% of ships were English, however over time it made English shipping the favoured option for exporting wool and cloth (which England had a strong favourability for)
        
        Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)
        Set lower tariffs between the two countries and increased trade
        
        Treaty of Etaples (1492)
        Lower tariffs with France and increase English trade power
        
        Trading embargo with Netherlands (1493)
        Reduced trade, not a success
        
        Intercursus Magnus (1496)
        Ended the embargo and opened up England's position as the cloth and wool exporter in Europe
        
        Intercursus Malus (1506)
        Meant to elevate England's trading position via elimination of cloth tariffs. Never implemented due to Philip's death and lack of pressure
    - - Yorkshire Rebellion (1489)
        Rebels issued pardons and Yorkshire did not have their taxes collected during the war with France
      - Cornish Rebellion (1497)
        Stopped collection of taxes from Cornwall during the war with Scotland, however was defeated and Warbeck was captured
- - - - Governmental Changes
        
        Justice System
        
        Legal Education
        Founded Cardinal College in Oxford and provided training for lawyers
        
        Set up the Star Chamber
        Dealt with cases of political and social importance, more efficient. Center of Wolsey's government and justice - cheap and fair. Along with this a network of judges who travelled and heard cases was created.
        
        Reformed the Court of Chancery
        Responsible for hearing cases that could not be resolved by common law. More efficient and accessible to the common people
        
        Amicable Grant
        Used to fund wars, met with heavy resistance. Tax levied on wealthy individuals, was supposed to be voluntary, however it was forced and led to rebellion in East Anglia (1525)
        
        Forced Loans
        Borrowing of money from wealthy individuals or institutions. Seized funds from London city guilds in 1528. Widely hated.
        
        Subsidy Acts
        Passed in 1523 and 1525, levied tax on property and income, Wolsey played an important role in collecting and enforcing these taxes.
        
        Expulsion of the Minions (1519)
        Removed Henry VIII followers of whom were threats to his influence.
        
        Eltham Ordinances (1526)
        Privy Council cap from 12 to 6. Effective in removing influence from other members towards Henry VIII
      - Downfall
        England isolated by 1529. Failures in French Wars. Wolsey was Catholic and Papal Legate.
        Anne Boleyn's faction in court prompted rumours about Wolsey to a paranoid Henry. Wolsey failed to achieve a divorce for Henry.
        Exiled in 1529, charged with Praemunire and arrested in 1530
    - - Arguments
        Scriptural - Leviticus, cannot marry your brother's wife
        Diplomatic - Attempts to convince Catherine to join a nunnery and commission from the Pope
        Legal - Pope cannot override scripture, commission set up but completely ineffective
      - Trial
        Catherine of Aragon argues that she never consummated the marriage Arthur, Henry was first marriage
        Pope refuses the divorce. Wolsey is exiled and arrested.
      - Result
        Wolsey is removed, his apprentice, Cromwell, is his successor from 1532.
        1531 Clergy praemunire
        1532 Formal submission, leading to Moore resignation
        1533, Restraint of appeals - imperial jurisdiction
        1534 Supremacy, Treason and Succession
        1535 Valor Ecc.
        1536 10 Articles
        1539 6 Articles
        
        Establishment of the Church of England
        Acts of Parliament were passed to establish the disconnection from the Catholic Church
        1533 Act of Restraint of Appeals
        1534 Act of Succession, Supremacy, Treason
        1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus
        
        The Act of Restraint of Appeals (1533)
        Monarch possessed imperial jurisdiction that was not subject to any foreign power
        
        Act of Succession (1534)
        Henry's marriage to Catherine was void
        The succession should be vested in the children of his marriage to Anne, Elizabeth
        To deny the validity of Henry's marriage to Catherine was treasonable
        
        Act of Supremacy (1534)
        The King is declared the Supreme Head of the Church of England
        
        Treason Act (1534)
        Treasonable to call the King a heretic, infidel, tyrant or usurper of the Crown
        
        1 more item...
        
        Act of Ten Articles (1536)
        Doctrinal changes, established the new religious measures
        Act of Six Articles (1539)
        Further doctrinal changes, solidified Anglo-Catholicism
      - Pressuring the Pope
        
        Clergy Collectively accused of Praemunire and fined (1531)
        Sustained attack on the clergy, forced acknowledgement that Henry VIII was the Supreme Head of the Church of England
        
        Formal Submission of the Clergy to Henry (1532)
        Resignation of Thomas Moore as Lord Chancellor
        
        House of Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries (1532)
        Designed to increase anticlerical pressure within the House of Commons
    - - 1536 Crisis
        Anne Boleyn is divorced after a miscarriage and Jane Seymour is made Queen.
        Anne is arrested and executed.
      - Jane Seymour's death
        Dies in childbirth, Edward is born. After a treaty between France and Spain, Cromwell urged by Henry to get a betrothal between Henry and Anne of Cleves. Married in 1540.
        Failure, as Anne of Cleves was not very pretty. Cromwell embarrassed.
      - Arrest in 1540
        Act of attainder issued to Cromwell, as paranoia was exploited by Cromwell's enemies such as the Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner. Executed in 1540
  - - - Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)
        Catholic sentiments against Protestant reforms, the dissolution of the monasteries and resentment towards the crown for heavy taxation. Led by Robert Aske
        Demanded Henry to give up position as Head of the Church, destruction of works by Protestant reformers and to reinstate smaller religious houses
        Resulted in minimal changes
      - East Anglia (1525)
        Caused by resentment against the amicable grant. Was put down by Duke of Suffolk and Norfolk
    - - Results
        
        Long-Term
        Removal of a career ladder in the Catholic Church
        Collections of libraries lost
        Loss of charity for the poor and needy
        Fortifications set up in England
        Wars with France and Scotland funded by wealth from dissolution
        Powers now lay with JPs, squires and chief landowners, not the Church
        
        Short-Term
        Abbots lost their seats in parliament
        Pilgrimage of Grace
        Henry charged with cultural vandalism
        Nuns were less well off
      - Reasons
        Impose power over and remove influence from the Catholic Church
        Gain wealth from the monasteries, which was used to bolster England's naval capabilities, defensively and offensively
        Help resolve the King's Great Matter
      - Interpretations
        
        Pollard
        The cause was Henry's determination to exercise supreme power in England, and was in complete control
        
        Elton
        Henry VIII was not in control, rather Cromwell was only. Cromwell had political aims of a constitutional monarchy between King and Parliament
        
        Dickens
        Argues that religion played a major role and Cromwell was the leader of the reformation, and took Henry further than he originally envisaged
    - - Dissolution of the Monasteries
        Disrupted local economies that were dependent on the Church/monasteries
        Decline of religious artisans and artists
        Redistribution of land
        Increase in royal revenue from the Valor Ecclesiasticus (1535)
        Increased landowner power
  - - - Legal Patent (legal instruments issued by the monarch in the exercise of his or her prerogative)
  - - - France
        
        First French War (1512)
        Success: Battle of the Spurs (1513)
        Failure: England used as a distraction
        
        Anglo-French Peace Treaty (1514)
        England got to keep Therouanne and Tournai, France accept Henrys claim to French throne and pay him not to press it, Mary was promised to Louis XII
        
        Second French War (1522)
        
        Treaty of the More (1525)
        Pension from the French in return for the giving up of claims on territory, end of Second French War
        
        Treaty of Westminster (1527)
        Anglo-French military alliance against Charles V
        
        Treaty of Etaples renewed (1510)
        
        Field of Cloth of Gold (1520)
        Meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII
        
        Third French War (1543 - 1546)
        Debasement begins (1544)
        
        Treaty of Ardres (1546)
        Agreed that Henry would hold onto Boulogne for 8 years, and then French pay for it for 2 million crowns ended due to funds
      - HRE
        
        Anglo-Imperial Treaty (1541)
        Henry and Charles agree to defend each other against France
        
        The Treaty of London (1518)
        Success: Wolsey
        All countries of whom (Burgundy, France, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Papal States and Spain) agreed not to attack one another and to come to the aid of any that were under attack
      - Scotland
        
        Scottish Invasion (1542)
        
        Treaty of Greenwich (1543)
        Signed by Scottish lords captured at Solway Moss, after England's invasion in 1542, Edward and Mary Queen of Scots betrothed, pro-French lords overturn it the same year
    - - In Response, Henry Expanded the Navy
        In 1539, Marillac, the French ambassador in England, wrote of 120 naval ships being based in the mouth of the Thames and 30 in Portsmouth – a considerable increase on the five ships he inherited from Henry VII.
        
        Henry also ordered the modernisation of all coastal defences on the south coast using monastery money
- - - - France
        
        Treaty of Boulogne (1550)
        Returned Boulogne to France for a ransom of 400,000 crowns. French agreed to remove troops from Scotland. Henry II's daughter Elisabeth was betrothed to Edward
        
        This returning of Boulogne nullified the Treaty of Ardres, missing out on 1.6 million crowns
        [See Henry VIII Treaty of Ardres]
      - HRE
        
        Intercursus Magnus (1496) allowed to break down by Charles V due to Treaty of Boulogne (1550)
        
        Normal trading resumed in 1552
    - - Second Book of Common Prayer (1552)
        Eucharist - Lord's Supper, kneel, Calvinist beliefs
        Vestments - Banned
        Communion - Altars replaced by tables
        Confirmation - No Cross
    - - 1549
        Northumberland suppresses Kett's Rebellion
        
        1550
        Vagrancy Act of 1547 repealed
        Boulogne was sold back to France for 400,000 crowns and garrisons were withdrawn from Scotland to try and save money
        Privy Coffer was established
        
        1551
        Took control of stocks of grain to relieve the crisis caused by harvest failures
        Treason Act of 1551: Treason to seize one of the King's forts and not surrender it within 6 days
        Somerset and Paget executed
        
        1552
        From 1552-1553 the selling of crown and Chantry land was used to gain more money for the crown. it raised a sum of £200,000, however after sold they could not be used to gain money for the regular income.
        
        1553
        Debts reduced to £180,000
        Parliament called to ratify a new order of succession but Edward died before Parliament could be called
    - - Parliament
        164 Acts were passed. Northumberland used half of the proclamations Somerset had used.
      - Privy Council
        Increased usage and importance. Purged conservatives that did not follow his religious, economic and social changes. Made Lord Protector by the Privy Council
      - Finances
        Set up commissions and allowed other ministers to reform revenue courts and raise new loans.
        Aimed to end debasement, reduce expenditure to match income and get the King out of debt. Northumberland negotiated the sale of Boulogne to the French, removed Scottish garrisons and sold more crown lands. The King's debt went from £300,000 in 1550 to £180,000 in 1553.
  - - - 1547
        Monasteries - Owned by the Crown
        Eucharist - Transubstantiation supported in the 6 Articles
        Prayer for the dead - Allowed
        Vestments - Remained
        Bible - Restricted access only to upper-class men and noblewomen in private
        Sacraments - Baptism, Eucharist and Penance
        Chantries - Dissolutioned
      - 1549 - First Book of Common Prayer
        Eucharist - Transubstantiation
        Prayer for the Dead - Banned
        Vestments - Remained
        Services - English
        Bible - Still restricted
        Sacraments - Eucharist, Baptism, Last Rites, Confirmation and Marriage
        Communion - Allowed
        Purgatory - Unclear
    - - Vagrancy Act (1547)
        The Vagrancy Act stated that any able-bodied person who had not worked should be branded with a V, and sold into slavery for two years. Child vagabonds were forced into service. Other laws said that vagrants should be whipped and sent back to their place of birth.
        Not successful and was repealed.
      - Enclosure Tax (1549)
        Introduced a tax to decrease the amount of land being enclosed and blamed enclosure on the hardships of the poor.
      - Finance
        Continued debasement to fund his foreign policy. This was disastrous and confidence in English currency was very low
      - Rebellions
        
        Western Rebellion (1549)
        Response to religious changes introduced by the government during Edward VI's reign, such as the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer
        Protesters began opposing not only religious changes but also economic grievances, including high taxes and land enclosures.
        The rebellion faced military defeat at the Battle of Sampford Courtenay and Fenny Bridges.
        
        Kett's Rebellion (1549)
        Response to economic grievances such as enclosures, rising rents, and oppressive landlord practices. Led by Robert Kett, a landowner and farmer, emerged as the leader of the rebellion.
        Duke of Northumberland responded with military force. Rebels were eventually defeated at the Battle of Dussindale. Kett was captured, tried for treason, and executed.
    - - Scotland
        
        1543 Treaty of Greenwich
        Somerset wanted to see this implemented, and Edward married to Mary, Queen of Scots. Did not occur.
        
        War in 1547
        Continued war with Scotland after Henry's death. Part of the process of 'rough wooing' - forcing a marriage with Scotland
        
        Battle of Pinkie (1547)
        A success, however not capitalised on and Scotland recieved French aid
        
        The cost of the armies was too high, and France declared war in aid of Scotland.
- - - - Influences
        Henry VIII - Made her illegitimate, however she was placed as heir and they had friendly meetings, she was proud of him
        Catherine Parr - Guided Elizabeth's religious beliefs, were like Mother and Daughter, however Thomas Seymour started to flirt with her and she was moved
        Thomas Seymour - Executed in 1549 after he made advances towards Elizabeth. Elizabeth was cleared of any accusations
        Kat Ashley - Very close, and Kat guided her education and various activities
        Roger Ascham - Taught her various languages, however did not play much of a part in the royal household
        Edward VI - Did not have much of a relationship due to he influences of Northumberland and Somerset
        Mary I - Did not get along, as Mary was suspicious of Elizabeth due to the Wyatt Rebellion. Mary refused to proclaim her as heir to the throne. She did eventually however
      - Inheritance
        Dynasty - Future of the Tudor dynasty rested on her shoulders
        Religion - Roman Catholic reforms have been implemented
        Economic issues - Debasement, harvests. wages, rising population, increases in poverty
        Governmental issues - Female ruler, Privy Council, Ministers
    - - Neale - Revisionist
        Argued that Elizabeth was pressured by Protestant forces to accept a more Protestant Church of England than what she desired.
        Others disagreed such as Haugaard, Hudson and Jones, stated that Catholic forces were the real pressures, shown by her later reactions to religious issues. More valid.
      - Religious Settlement (1559)
        1559 saw three bills, one establishing Elizabeth as the Head of the Church, and the other two to establish Protestantism on Northumberland's Prayer Book of 1552
        Later in that year, the bill is amended to remove the restoration of Protestantism.
        Concessions are granted to Catholics in the Act of Uniformity (1559) in terms of religious doctrine and ceremony
        Elizabeth is named as the Supreme Governor in the Act of Supremacy (1559) and reverses the heresy laws and renews the Valor Ecclesiasticus for her
        Royal Injunctions (1559) was an instruction manual for worship and functions of the Church for clarity of the Church of England. Stated that the Church was Protestant
        1560 saw Latin edition of the Prayer Book which allowed a Catholic Mass for the dead. Restored the crucifix
        The 39 Articles of Religion (1563) further defined and determined religious controversies, one was a compromise with radical puritans. Holy scriptures trumped traditions. Given statutory authority in 1571
        
        Challenges
        Vestment Controversy (1565) - Parker was ordered by Elizabeth to order the clergy to wear vestments
        Ornaments Rubric - Appears as the opening statement of the Elizabethan Common Book of Prayer in 1559. It solidified the legitimacy of the text
        Parker's Advertisements - Archbishop Parker produced his Advertisements in 1566, attempting to tell the clergy exactly what was expected in terms of doctrine and ceremony
        
        Aftermath
        Jewel's Apology (1562) - Bishop of Salisbury, John Jewel defended the Protestant Church of England in a book Apology of the Church of England (1562) against Romanist accusations
        Convocation of 1563 - A significant gathering of English and Welsh clerics that consolidated the Elizabethan religious settlement and brought the 39 Articles of Religion to their conclusion and finalisation
        
        Reaction
        Minimal challenges and disagreements. However locally there was some refusal from ministers who just used the Catholic form of worship
        Not much reaction from Catholic powers
    - - Consolidation
        Archbishop of York pronounced Elizabeth I as Queen
        Support from Mary's councillors
        Proceeded with the coronation quickly
        Cecil appointed as principal secretary and some household appoints made
        Legitimised in the eyes of Mary and Philip II
      - Parliament
        Worked on two levels
        Privy Council and the Exequer - based in London
        Network of institutions through the work of JPs, enforced central decisions and assed information on - local levels
        
        Law Making
        Only 47% of MPs voted
        438 Acts passed, most importantly; Act of Supremacy and Uniformity in 1559
        
        Granting Taxation
        11 out of the 13 times Parliament was called was about taxation. Had to be justified
        
        Advice
        Only 10% of MPs spoke in debates
        Traditional role of MPs but Elizabeth not interested in their views impacting on her royal prerogative.
        
        Gained powers in the 1530s in its establishment of the Royal Supremacy
        
        Contention
        Freedom of Speech
        Execution of MQS
        Succession and Marriage
        Religion
        Money
      - Important Members
        Sir William Cecil (Lord Burghley) - Elizabeth's chief advisor and Lord Treasurer
        Sir Walter Mildmay - Chancellor of the Exchequer.
        Sir Francis Walsingham - Secretary in 1573
        Sir Christopher Hatton - Lord Chancellor, Vice Chamberlain.
        Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester) - Elizabeth's 'favourite'.
    - - 1558 - 1663
        Burgundy - Absorbed into Netherlands, owned by Philip II
        Scotland - Protestant, however MQS possible return
        Ireland - Catholic, ruled by Elizabeth
        France - At war, strong links with Scotland. Protestants in France requested help from England
        
        Spain
        
        Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559)
        England confirmed the loss of Calais
        Saw peace between France and Spain. If the two were two unite as Catholic forces, England would be under major threat
        
        Trade Embargo (1563)
        Between the Netherlands and England. Due to Protestantism in England
        Elizabeth implements a ban on the Netherlands' imports. They both back down within a year
        
        France
        Supported MQS and was previously concerned about Spain's involvement as the English King
        
        England aids French Protestants (1562)
        Treaty of Troy (1564) confirms France control over Calais after England intervenes for French Protestants
        
        Scotland
        
        1559 saw Scottish Protestant rebel against MQS's mother, Mary of Guise. Reinforcements were sent from France
        English sent aid in the form of soldiers, navy and financial the rebels in the Treaty of Berwick (1560)
        
        Led to success, and in the Treaty of Edinburgh (1560) France withdrew most of its forces from Scotland and a new Protestant government was installed
        
        MQS returns in 1561 as Queen. James Stuart is an advisor to
        MQS' reign.
  - - - Parliament
        11 out of the 13 times Parliament was called was about taxation. Had to be justified
        
        Parliamentary Meetings
        1572 - MPs called for the execution of the Duke of Norfolk and MQS following the Ridolfi plot. Elizabeth refused to give her assent to the bill, Parliament agreed to debar Mary Queen of Scots from the succession
        1576 - Granted subsidy and some Privy Councillors supported a Commons petition for moderate religious reform.
        1585 - Anti-Catholic laws strengthened.
        1585 - Further anti-Catholic legislation, Parliament passed an Act for the surety of the Queen's person with individuals pledging to defend the Queen's safety
        1587 - Debate over whether Mary Stuart should be executed, Elizabeth sanctioned Parliament's trespassing on prerogative, an attempt at Presbyterian reform by a small number of MPs which ended with imprisonment
      - Privy Council
        Oversaw administration and regional, local councils. Ran the government and managed the countries' interests and policies
        1570 - 19 Privy Councillors, 6 traditional nobility
        1586 - 19 Privy Councillors, 2 traditional nobility
        1597 - 11 Privy Councillors, 0 traditional nobility
        
        The Privy Council begins to become less centered on the nobility and more on the expertise and abilities of people around her.
        Elizabeth enjoyed factional divisions in government, as members of such divisions would compete for her favour
        She showed affection whilst sometimes expressing anger and even violence, shown by the execution of Norfolk and Essex
        She kept notes on what her councillors had said to form later questions
      - Court
        Controlled by the Lord Chamberlain
        
        Cult of Gloriana
        Reinforced the royal progresses. Used to create stability and promote an image of a majestic monarch. Built upon the idea of a 'Virgin Queen'. Elizabeth dressed and behaved to expand this image and reinforce it.
        
        Patronage
        The system of rewarding the court with gifts for service and loyalty.
        Patronage gifts included offices, grants, court honours, knighthoods, monopolies rights, wardship of Crown lands and pensions
        
        Factional Rivalries
        Early 1560s
        The Earl of Sussex❌ V The Earl of Leicester❌
        Late 1560s
        William Cecil❌ V The Earl of Leicester❌
        Late 1590s
        Robert Cecil✔ V The Earl of Essex❌
        
        Royal Progresses
        Each summer the Court would leave an insanitary London and visit the great houses of her courtiers in southern and central England (at their expense) and magnificent feasts would be laid out, as well as the courtiers renovating their properties.
      - Acts
        1571 - Treason to declare Elizabeth isn't Queen, publish Papal Bulls, and those who have fled abroad forfeit property after 12 months
        1581 - Fines for hearing or saying mass, treason to convert people to the Catholic faith
        1585 - Act against Jesuits and seminary priests, treason to be in England. Punishment for those who help a priest
        1602 - Jesuits ordered to leave the country
        
        Poor Laws
        Statute of Artificers (1563)
        Anyone refusing to pay the poor rates could be imprisoned, fines for not organising poor relief
        Apprenticeships given to able bodied poor
        Vagabonds Act (1572)
        Vagrants to be whipped and a hole drilled through each ear
        Vagrants could be imprisoned or executed.
        National poor rate established, JPs to keep a register of the poor
        Towns and Cities given the responsibility to find work for the able bodied poor
        Poor Relief Act (1576)
        JPs provided the able bodied poor with wool and raw materials to enable them to work
        Aimed to distinguish between able bodied and impotent poor
        Act for the Relief of the Poor (1598)
        4 Overseers appointed in government, aimed to build hospitals and schools for the poor, and secure apprenticeships for children. Poor rate implemented to fund act
        Poor Law Act (1601)
        Parish become the defacto organisation to help administer the previous acts on the poor
        Each parish to appoint an overseer for the poor laws
        
        Vagabonds Act (1572)
        Wasn't very successful, vagrants rarely whipped, instead given money and sent elsewhere
        
        Ipswich (1569)
        School and hospital established for poor children
    - - Suitors
        
        Robert Dudley
        English, Protestant
        Not royal blood, previously married, Elizabeth loves him
        
        Austrian Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles
        Austrian, Catholic
        Royal descent, strong ally.
        Charles refused to give up Catholic faith, HRE proposed the marriage
        
        Prince Eric of Sweden
        Swedish, Lutheran
        Royal descent, his father wished against the marriage negotiations
        
        Duke of Alecon and Anjou
        French, Catholic
        Xenophobic subjects hated the idea of the marriage
        
        Philip II
        Spain, Catholic
        Political Union, could be a satellite however
    - - Scotland
        MQS abdicates to James I in 1567
        
        Treaty of Berwick (1560)
        England sends troops to Scotland to support Protestant rebels
        
        Treaty of Edinburgh (1560)
        French garisson was undefeated, however its task force at sea was and Mary of Guise dies, leading to French and English withdrawal - leaves Scotland alone
        
        York Conference (1569)
        MQS guilty by implication, Elizabeth did not have to act decisively. She is now held in captivity
        
        Treaty of Berwick (1582)
        Scotland and England end hostilities
      - Europe
        
        St Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
        Protestants dragged out and killed in France
        
        Elizabeth Excommunicated (1570)
        
        MQS Flees to England (1568)
      - Spain
        
        Prince William of Orange Killed (1584)
        The revolt of the Netherlands is virtually failed. The last Protestant ruler other than England, England sends troops to support Protestantism in the Netherlands
        
        War with England (1584)
        Spain reacts to the English army in the Netherlands and MQS execution, and defeats the English army
        
        Spanish Armada (1588)
        Philip II sends ships to invade England. English fleet chase the armada along the Channel and numerous battles take place. They are chased as they can't fight the English, they are wrecked between Scotland and Ireland.
        The Spanish fleet returns with a third of its original fleet.
        
        Spanish Bullion Ships Stolen (1568)
        Ships bringing money from a loan to the Netherlands were stolen by the English, trade seized and embargo created
        
        Convention of Bristol (1574)
        Lifted trade embargo between Spain and England
        
        Spanish Fury (1576)
        Netherlands openly revolts against Spain, England sends a volunteer force which is in the thousands
        
        Spain gains Portugal (1580)
      - France
        
        Treaty of Blois (1572)
        Free trade and a military alliance between England and France against Spain in the Spanish Netherlands
        
        England authorises Protestants to support Huguenots (1572)
        Munitions and a loan is given to the rebels from English Protestants
    - - Mary, Queen of Scots
        Executed in 1587 after implicated in plot with Babbington. Trial found her guilty due to letters between her and plotter Babbington
      - Plots
        
        Northern Rebellion (1569)
        Helped to be instigated by Irish rebellion that asked for Spanish support
        Support locally was low, mostly nobility
        Was crushed mostly from fear of a response from the Crown
        Allowed for centralisation of the North and the deconstruction of feudal links that made the Earls so powerful
        
        Ridolphi Plot (1571)
        Ridolphi gathered foreign support for invasion of England, the 1570 Papal Excommunication of England brought this foreign support
        Sanctioned by foreign powers such as Philip II and Pope Pious V
        Ridolphi escapes and Norfolk executed, MQS implicated
        
        Throckmorton Plot (1583)
        Failed due to Throckmorton's arrest due to Walsingham.
        Documents of Catholic supporters, invasion maps and incriminating pieces found
        MQS placed under strict confinement
        
        Babbington Plot (1587)
        Incriminating letters between Babbington and MQS found
        Trial organised and found MQS guilty after 2 days
        MQS executed
      - Jesuit Priests
        Began to arrive from 1580s onwards, preached loyalty to the Pope. Extremely fanatical
      - Agricultural Innovations
        Alternatives such as vegetable fertilizer was used
        Textbooks were printed guiding people on farming
        Immigrants brought agricultural progress and farmed more areas
        Extended the amount of land to be cultivated
        "Up and Down" husbandry, merged farming and raising of animals together
      - Towns
        Population growth from trade to the New World, education from universities, migration from the countryside and governmental matters
        Culture flourished in towns
        Religious buildings such as the London cathredal
        Employment opportunities and the burgher class emerged
        Trade in ports such as London flourished
        Government was becoming more centralised and bureucratic
        
        Vagrancy and poverty were centred in towns, due to migration but also because of a more capitalist and free market economy, resources were more limited
        
        There was money to be made from trade in towns
        
        English merchants became more competitive in Spanish and Portaguese markets, and pushed into the Mediterranean and colonisation in America
        
        London
        Filthy and dirty, overcrowed and intense, divide between poor and rich
        Trade flowed from London to other towns such as Manchester and Newcastle
        Demand for English cloth grew which benefitted London
        Centre of the economics and politics of England
        Four times larger than the next town
      - Trade & Exploration
        A major drive to expand the trading opportunities in Europe and America and Asia, due to the rising threat from Spain
        
        Successful mainly in the long-term, however there was some benefits in the short-term regarding the war with Spain, when other trade routes were needed. May have avoided a trading crash.
        
        Encourages privateering, with John Hawkings and Francis Drake attacking Spain and stealing gold and money from ships
        
        Expeditions to Africa, Asia, America
        Eastland Company established in 1579 to import supplies from the Baltic
        
        Drake
        Drake circumnavigates the globe (1580)
        Drake's diagrams on naval engineering is used for hundreds of years and used to improve English naval capabilities
      - Essex Rebellion (1601)
        Essex went to Ireland, but due to him having a smaller force than the rebels, he did an unfavourable truce
        Elizabeth was furious, and he came to see her and burst into her bedchambers (bad move)
        Trial commenced and was put into house arrest.
        He then gathered a force of 300 men and came to 'rescue' the Queen.
        Was executed after a trial charged him with treason
      - Culture and the Arts
        Propaganda was used to cement support for the reigning monarch and policies of government, especially used to bring positivity to the idea of the Virgin Queen and the Church of England. This all showed political shrewdness from the government
        
        Art
        Protraits made of Elizabeth had hidden meanings andd symbols, and showed successes from her reign, such as the defeat of the Spanish Armada
        
        Music
        Music was well-loved, especially religious music, which was composed for Church of England services
        Secular music was also composed
        
        Drama
        Shakespeare was one of the most famous playwrights in history
        Greatest cultural achievement of the period, encouraged by the increase of theatres built and the playwrights of the period
        
        Literature
        Mostly bought and read by those at court, translations of classics also occurred
        Poetry and literature were both influenced by post-renaissance themes such as humanism, socio-political commentary, nature and mythology
        Poetry also flourished and broke down artistic boundaries and the sonnet was introduced
        
        Architecture
        Elizabeth herself built no new palaces or residences, however her royal progresses encouraged nobles to built and renovate their homes, characterised by the symmetry and size
        
        Reasons for Cultural Development
        Patronage - The Queen's involvement in culture and the arts allowed for growth in the area, economically, and provided a demand for it that other royals followed suit with
        Protestantism - Removed the Catholic limitations of the interpretations of God and Christianity. Also allowed for growth in religious music, due to the establishment of the Church of England
        Humanism - New ideas and classical texts allowed for translation and new philosophical ideas and concepts on life, which allowed for more varied and deeper analysis in all forms of media
        Printing Press - Allowed for the (cheaper) mass-production of texts, allowing for the circulation of culture among rich and poor
        Wealth and Stability - Wealth and stability would have allowed people to include themselves within culture and the arts, without the fear of invasion of the harsh taxes of war, which would otherwise limit the economic potential in culture and the arts
- - - - MQS returns in 1561 as Queen. James Stuart is an advisor to
        MQS' reign.