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Biological psychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Esp. where specificity is unknown or weak
    - - still needs to be validated with self report measures a lot of the time
  - - - uses electrodes, not as effective as ECT but may be used for those unfit for ECT
    - - mild seizure by electric shock
      - extreme treatment resistant depression
      - Perrin et al (2012) found with fMRI that ECT had altered the connectivity in the forntal systems by downregulating the activity in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, found to be part of the circuitry implicated in people with depression
    - - powerful magnet over scalp to change neruonal activity in the brain
      - in depression, over right and left eyebrow
      - Janicakl (2002) TMS as effective as ECT
      - Luber et al., (2017) low effectiveness fix
        
        FDA approved a "5 cm from x" approach
        
        actually, fMRI better to localise individual target areas
        
        Sack et al., (2005) found increased effectiveness when using fMRI
        
        Luber et al., (2013) found using working memory tasks during several sessions of rTMS improved working memory performance
    - - new trreatment that stimulates VN resulting in changing blood flow to brain. Marangell et al (2007) says similar effect as antidepressants
    - - for SAD
- - - - Turkheimer looked at 7 year olds but findings have been extended to babies and adolescents.
- - - - only when comorbid w anxiety and when taking meds
- - - - Ma et al, (2017) suggest enriching environments may reduce or delay memory problems
- - - - involved in new memory formation and integration of memories into cerebral cortex
      - interacts with lateral nucleus of amygdalae complex by mediating learning about the context of fear related events
    - - situatated at each horn of the hippocampus. When in an emotionally arousing situation, the amygdala triggers the hippocampus to remember as many details as possible (Kensinger and Schacter, 2005)
      - Case of S.M with amygdala removed for epilepsy (Feinstein et al., 2012)
        
        damage to other amuygdalae so bilateral damage in effect
        
        not scared of anything except suffocation
      - consists of several nuclei. Lateral nucleus
      - receives info from all sensory systems (Pinel et al., 2022)
      - involved when there is emotional component (Pinel et al., 2022)
      - evaluates emotional significance of situations (Pinel et al., 2022)
    - - Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010) loneliness sme impact on health as obesitiy and inactivity
        
        Anders Hansen (2021) like smoking a pack per day. Evolutationary explanation
      - mechanism:
        
        dysregulation of immune system by stress leading to inflammation (Jaremka et al., 2013)
        
        white blood cells in lonely adults show different levels of gene expression compared to connected adults, making them more vulnerable to disease as their immune systems are less effective
      - shown to effect rates of herpes viral infetion and immune response to influenza vaccine (Pressman et al., 2005)
      - how lonely you FEEL (Hansen, 2021)
    - - metacogntiion
      - believed to act on the lateral nucleus of amygdalae to suppress conditioned fear response (Pinel et al., 2022)
  - - - hypothalamus (brain activation in response to threat)
        
        stimulates pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
        
        ACTH travels through bloodstream and stimulates adrenal glands at the top of kidneys. This HPA activation triggers release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal glands. Also cortisol from adrenal glands
        
        increases sympathetic nervous activation: blood pressure, respiration rate, heart rate. Decreases parasympathetic nervous system.
        
        more oxygenated blood to muscles.
        
        cortisol increases blood glucose in the blood
        
        more glucose to muscles for energy
    - - primary: is it a threat
      - secondary: can I deal with it
        
        in control associated with less intense fear response
    - - Cohen et al., (1998) cold viruses up the nose. The students with chronisc stress more infected
      - high levels of pronlonged stress can lead to HPA axis damage (Schacter et al., 2020)
        
        chronic stress linked to depression with overactivation of HPA axis
        
        overuseof HPA over time lead to over- or underreacting to stress (Schacter et al., 2020)
    - - hippocampus high density glucocorticoid receptors
        
        monitors levels of cortisol and glucose in the blood. When critical signal to Hypothalamus to switch off HPA axis activiation
    - - study on civil servants showed low rank = higher mortality (Marmot et al., 1991)
      - stress of low SES impacts immunioty. Cohen et al., (1999) found those who perceive themselves as SES have higher rates of respiratory infection,
- - - - may affect pleasure seeking and relationships
      - no robust evidence for impact on development in children