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Urinary Tract Infections & Resp. Tract Infections - Coggle Diagram
Urinary Tract Infections & Resp. Tract Infections
UTI's
Cystitis: inflammation/infection of bladder
Other: renal abscess, prostatitis, orchitis, epididymitis
Pyelonephritis: infection of kidney
Pathogenesis
Bacteria enter urinary tract by ascending the urethra & the bloodstream
Causes
Gram + bacteria: Staph Saprophyticus, Group B strep.
Gram - bacteria: E coli
Risk factors for UTI
Pregnancy
Indwelling urinary catheters
Women (shorter urethra)
Vesicoureteric reflux (children)
Dysfunctional voiding (children)
Obstruction (enlarged prostate, renal stones)
Diabetes mellitus
Diagnosis:
Urine Sample: MSU, CSU, suprapubic aspiration of bladder, clean catch urine (children)
Blood culture: if pt. is unwell, hospitalised
Cystitis
Clinical features: Dysuria, urgency, frequency, incontinence, incomplete voiding, lower abdominal pain, confusion (elderly
Acute Pyelonephritis
Clinical features: lower UT symptoms, flank/back pain, fever, rigors, chills, weakness, vomiting, high HR, low BP, suprapubic tenderness
Urine Dipstick Analysis
Proteinuria
Nitrites: detects presence of bacterial nitrate reduction
Red cells (haematuria): some infections only, renal stones & cancer
White cells (pyuria): non-specific
Urine Culture
pure/ mixed growth
/= 10(5) organisms/ml
Antibiotic sensitivity
UTI
Complications: pyelonephritis, renal abscess, bacteraemia/septicaemia, sepsis, premature labour, renal scarring
Prevention: maintain hydration, complete voiding of urine, avoid constipation, cranberry juice, good hygiene
Treatment: Antibiotics- Co-amoxiclav, Cystitis oral antibiotics 3 days, Acute pyelonephritis, IV antibiotics with switch to oral 7-14days. Hydration, Analgesia
Pharyngitis
Features:
Viral: Rhinovirus, headache, runny nose, dry cough
Bacterial: 'strep throat', group A strep, fever, no cough, treat with penicillin
Pneumonia :
Micro-organism: bacterial, atypical pathogens, viral, fungal
infection of lung tissue
Pathology: lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia
Acquisition: community acquired, HAP, ventilator associated
Clinical features: